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Questions and Answers
How does the pathogenesis of pneumonia typically occur?
How does the pathogenesis of pneumonia typically occur?
Pneumonia occurs when microorganisms contaminate the distal airways and alveoli, overwhelming the body's defense mechanisms. It can often start as an upper respiratory tract infection that progresses to a lower respiratory tract infection.
What pathological changes can pneumonia cause in the lungs?
What pathological changes can pneumonia cause in the lungs?
Pneumonia causes an infectious inflammatory reaction in the lung parenchyma (the functional tissues of the lungs) and small airways. This can lead to congestion, consolidation (filling of air spaces with fluid/pus), and abscess formation.
Which of the following are key pathophysiological effects of pneumonia?
Which of the following are key pathophysiological effects of pneumonia?
- Improved gas exchange
- Decreased airway resistance
- Increased lung compliance and volumes
- V/Q mismatch and decreased lung compliance (correct)
List four common signs and symptoms of pneumonia.
List four common signs and symptoms of pneumonia.
Which diagnostic tests are commonly used to confirm pneumonia?
Which diagnostic tests are commonly used to confirm pneumonia?
Why should BiPAP generally be avoided in the treatment of pneumonia according to the provided text?
Why should BiPAP generally be avoided in the treatment of pneumonia according to the provided text?
What are the typical IV antibiotic treatments for Community Acquired Pneumonia (CAP)?
What are the typical IV antibiotic treatments for Community Acquired Pneumonia (CAP)?
List common IV antibiotic treatments for Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia (HAP) and Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia (VAP).
List common IV antibiotic treatments for Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia (HAP) and Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia (VAP).
What causes aspiration pneumonitis, and how does the pH of the aspirated material affect the injury?
What causes aspiration pneumonitis, and how does the pH of the aspirated material affect the injury?
Which set of symptoms is characteristic of Atypical ('Walking') Pneumonia?
Which set of symptoms is characteristic of Atypical ('Walking') Pneumonia?
Name two common bacterial causes of atypical pneumonia.
Name two common bacterial causes of atypical pneumonia.
Viral pneumonia typically has a sudden onset and produces abundant purulent sputum.
Viral pneumonia typically has a sudden onset and produces abundant purulent sputum.
Which diagnostic method for viral pneumonia generally offers the highest sensitivity and specificity?
Which diagnostic method for viral pneumonia generally offers the highest sensitivity and specificity?
Fungal pneumonia is a common cause of what type of lung lesion?
Fungal pneumonia is a common cause of what type of lung lesion?
How is Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia typically treated, and what special precautions are needed during administration?
How is Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia typically treated, and what special precautions are needed during administration?
Which clinical features are typical of Streptococcus pneumoniae pneumonia?
Which clinical features are typical of Streptococcus pneumoniae pneumonia?
Where is Staphylococcus aureus commonly found, and what types of severe infections can it cause related to pneumonia?
Where is Staphylococcus aureus commonly found, and what types of severe infections can it cause related to pneumonia?
What are the characteristic sputum and chest X-ray findings in Klebsiella pneumoniae pneumonia?
What are the characteristic sputum and chest X-ray findings in Klebsiella pneumoniae pneumonia?
What is characteristic about the sputum in Pseudomonas aeruginosa pneumonia?
What is characteristic about the sputum in Pseudomonas aeruginosa pneumonia?
Pathologically, pneumonia involves an infectious inflammatory reaction in the _____ _____ and small airways.
Pathologically, pneumonia involves an infectious inflammatory reaction in the _____ _____ and small airways.
A ventilation/perfusion _____ is a key pathophysiological consequence of pneumonia, impairing gas exchange.
A ventilation/perfusion _____ is a key pathophysiological consequence of pneumonia, impairing gas exchange.
Flashcards
Pneumonia Pathogenesis
Pneumonia Pathogenesis
Contamination of distal airways and alveoli by microorganisms, potentially leading to lower respiratory tract infection.
Pneumonia Pathology
Pneumonia Pathology
Infectious inflammatory reaction in the lung parenchyma (tissues) and small airways, potentially causing congestion, consolidation, and abscess.
Pneumonia Pathophysiology
Pneumonia Pathophysiology
V/Q mismatch, decreased lung compliance, and decreased lung volumes.
Pneumonia Signs & Symptoms
Pneumonia Signs & Symptoms
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Pneumonia Diagnosis
Pneumonia Diagnosis
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Pneumonia Treatment
Pneumonia Treatment
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Aspiration Pneumonitis
Aspiration Pneumonitis
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Atypical Pneumonia Presentation
Atypical Pneumonia Presentation
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Viral Pneumonia
Viral Pneumonia
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Fungal Pneumonia
Fungal Pneumonia
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Streptococcus Pneumoniae
Streptococcus Pneumoniae
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Staphylococcus Aureus
Staphylococcus Aureus
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Klebsiella Pneumoniae
Klebsiella Pneumoniae
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Pseudomonas Aeruginosa
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa
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Study Notes
- Pneumonia involves microorganisms overwhelming defenses and contaminating distal airways and alveoli.
- Can start as an upper respiratory tract infection, turning into a lower respiratory infection.
- Pathology involves an infectious inflammatory reaction in the lung parenchyma and small airways.
- Pathology can cause congestion, consolidation, and abscesses.
- Pathophysiology involves V/Q mismatch, decreased lung compliance and decreased lung volumes.
- Signs & Symptoms: Hypoxemia and Leukocytosis (increased WBC).
- Other signs involve crackles/bronchial breath sounds, Pleuritic chest pain during inspiration and Dyspnea.
- Diagnosis: Complete Blood Count (CBC), Sputum Culture and Sensitivity (C+S), and Chest X-Ray/CT scan (CXR).
- Treatment: Antibiotics, Bronchial hygiene, and Oxygen/mechanical ventilation.
- Do not use BiPAP, because that will push everything deeper.
Community Acquired Pneumonia treatment
- Ceftriaxone IV
- Cefotaxime IV
- Cefuroxime IV
- Vancomycin (if Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA))
- Add doxycycline or azithromycin for atypical organisms.
Hospital acquired pneumonia & ventilator associated pneumonia treatment
- Ceftriaxone IV
- Cefotaxime IV
- Cefuroxime IV
- Vancomycin (if MRSA)
- Piperacillin/tazobactam (piptazo)
- Meropenem
Aspiration Pneumonitis
- A subtype, which involves inflammation injury caused by inhalation of gastric contents.
- Lower pH results in more damage secondary to inflammation, edema, and hemorrhage.
Atypical Pneumonia (walking pneumonia)
- Types include Mycoplasma and Legionella.
- Presentation involves mild fever, dry cough, and myalgia (muscle pain).
Viral Pneumonia
- Suggestive of gradual onset with a lack of purulent sputum.
- Diagnosis: Viral cultures (longer to get results), Antigen testing, and PCR with higher sensitivity & specificity.
- Treatment includes Ribavirin, Acyclovir, and Vaccine.
Fungal Pneumonia
- A common cause of infectious granulomas.
- Types include: Pneumocystis pneumonia and Pneumocystis jiroveci, which is treated with pentamidine (administered through nebulizer in negative pressure room).
Gram Positive Subtypes
- Streptococcus pneumoniae inhabits the oropharynx & nasopharynx.
- Presents with high fever, blood-streaked sputum, and pleuritic chest pain.
- ​Staphylococcus aureus inhabits skin & mucous membrane in the upper respiratory tract.
- Staphylococcus aureus is an opportunistic bacteria.
- Includes: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA).
- Can cause severe pyogenic (inducing fever) infection (skin or lungs).
- Can also cause abscesses and empyema (infection in the pleural space).
Gram Negative Subtypes
- Klebsiella pneumoniae inhabits the intestines.
- Sputum: Thick bloody.
- Chest X-Ray: lobar.
- Pseudomonas aeruginosa is found in the environment (ex. water, soil & plants).
- Pseudomonas aeruginosa is opportunistic.
- Risk factors include wounds/burns.
- Sputum is green and "sweet" smelling.
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