Podcast
Questions and Answers
What percentage of pharyngitis cases are caused by viruses?
What percentage of pharyngitis cases are caused by viruses?
Which type of vaccine is related to invasive Haemophilus disease?
Which type of vaccine is related to invasive Haemophilus disease?
What is the common cause of sinusitis in the first instance?
What is the common cause of sinusitis in the first instance?
What is the consequence of damaged mucociliary escalator in laryngitis?
What is the consequence of damaged mucociliary escalator in laryngitis?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the characteristic of group B Haemophilus strain?
What is the characteristic of group B Haemophilus strain?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the initial site of growth for Epstein-Barr virus?
What is the initial site of growth for Epstein-Barr virus?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the consequence of not resting during glandular fever?
What is the consequence of not resting during glandular fever?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of organism is associated with severe inflammation and pus in the conjunctiva?
Which type of organism is associated with severe inflammation and pus in the conjunctiva?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the common bacterial cause of sore throat?
What is the common bacterial cause of sore throat?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the result of the immune response to streptococcal infection in rheumatic fever?
What is the result of the immune response to streptococcal infection in rheumatic fever?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main symptom of a deformity of the heart valve in rheumatic fever?
What is the main symptom of a deformity of the heart valve in rheumatic fever?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the characteristic of the streptococcal strain that causes scarlet fever?
What is the characteristic of the streptococcal strain that causes scarlet fever?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the function of M protein in streptococcal infection?
What is the function of M protein in streptococcal infection?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the result of streptolysins produced by streptococcal bacteria?
What is the result of streptolysins produced by streptococcal bacteria?
Signup and view all the answers
How is streptococcal infection typically transmitted?
How is streptococcal infection typically transmitted?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the incubation period of streptococcal infection?
What is the incubation period of streptococcal infection?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Respiratory Infections
- Rhinoviruses, coronavirus, and RSV (respiratory syncytial virus) cause winter onset respiratory infections.
- Influenza affects the back of the nose (pharyngeal area).
- Adenovirus causes severe inflammation, leading to pus in the conjunctiva and mimicking bacterial infection, and can cause laryngitis.
Rhinosinusitis
- Rhinosinusitis can be fungal in immunocompromised individuals, such as those with diabetes, and is very rare.
- Sinusitis is caused by fluid buildup in the area, allowing organisms to colonize and produce pus.
- Anatomical issues affecting drainage and allergies can contribute to chronic sinusitis.
- Drainage may be required in cases where the patient cannot manage their sinusitis, resulting in a thick, tenacious membrane.
Pharyngitis
- 90% of pharyngitis cases are caused by viruses.
- The remaining 10% are caused by Group A Streptococcus (GAS).
Laryngitis
- Laryngitis is caused by viruses, with occasional incursion of organisms into the larynx and trachea.
- Inflammation can occur when the mucociliary escalator is damaged, leading to the proliferation of organisms like staph, strep, Moraxella, and Haemophilus.
Haemophilus
- Haemophilus has different strains, including one with a polysaccharide capsule (group B polysaccharide).
- Invasive Haemophilus can cause meningitis, which is addressed by the influenza type B vaccine.
Epstein-Barr Virus
- Epstein-Barr virus causes glandular fever and infectious mononucleosis.
- The first growth is in the throat, and quick diagnosis is essential to prevent prolonged symptoms and chronic fatigue.
Streptococcal Disease
- Streptococcal disease is caused by invasive, gram-positive cocci, including S.pyogenes, which causes streptococcal pharyngitis (strep throat).
- S.pyogenes produces little pus due to cytotoxin, which breaks down inflammatory cells.
- A swab can be sent to the lab to grow the causative organism, and treatment may involve lancing and draining abscesses.
Rheumatic Fever
- Rheumatic fever is a post-infection complication caused by cell surface antigens similar to human cell surface antigens.
- The immune response to the invading pathogen results in antibodies that cross-react with host tissues, leading to autoimmune disease and tissue destruction.
- Symptoms may include heart murmurs, which can be evidenced by a whooshing or swooshing sound.
Scarlet Fever
- Scarlet fever follows infection with streptococcus, particularly virulent strains that encode exotoxins.
- The rash begins on the chest and spreads to the rest of the body after a 2-day incubation period.
- The pathogenesis of scarlet fever involves the production of streptolysins (toxins) that lyse red cells and white blood cells, leading to beta-haemolysis.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
This quiz covers the causes and characteristics of respiratory tract infections, including rhinitis, sinusitis, and the role of viruses such as rhinoviruses, coronavirus, and adenovirus. It also touches on the rare case of fungal rhinosinusitis in immunocompromised individuals.
