Respiratory Tract Infections
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Questions and Answers

Where does Q fever come from?

  • Farm animals (correct)
  • Wild animals
  • Insects
  • Humans

    • What does Psittacosis come from?

  • Mammals
  • Parrots and other birds (correct)
  • Reptiles
  • Fish

    • Which of the following are frequent sites of infection? (Select all that apply)

  • Mastoid cavity (correct)
  • Middle ear (correct)
  • Nasal sinuses (correct)
  • Nasopharynx (correct)

    • What are the most dangerous fungal infections? (Select all that apply)

    <p>Aspergillus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacterial species can cause otitis, sinusitis, and mastoiditis?

    <p>Streptococcus pneumoniae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What organisms can cause Pharyngitis? (Select all that apply)

    <p>Streptococci (Group A and C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organism causes strep throat?

    <p>Streptococcus pyogenes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organism has the following description:

    • Contains M proteins which inhibit phagocytosis
    • Produces pyrogenic toxins which cause the symptoms seen with pharyngitis?

    <p>Streptococcus pyogenes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Group A streptococcus cause on the tonsils?

    <p>abscesses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes scarlet fever and scarlet syndrome?

    <p>S. pyogenes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What else can streptococcal pyrogenic toxin cause? (Select all that apply)

    <p>Scarlet fever rash</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following are streptolysins? (Select all that apply)

    <p>Streptolysin O</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which population is scarlet fever usually seen in?

    <p>Children under 18 years of age</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do scarlet fever symptoms begin with?

    <p>Rash</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following pathologies has the listed symptoms:

    -Sore throat with yellow or white papules

    • Fever 101 degrees or higher
    • Lymphadenopathy in neck
    • Headache, body aches and nausea?

    <p>Scarlet fever</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What makes diphtheria life threatening?

    <p>Toxemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can diphtheria toxemia cause?

    <p>Acute myocarditis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is diphtheria transmitted?

    <p>Droplet aerosol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the components of the diphtheria exotoxins?

    <p>B chain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following organisms has the following description: small gram-positive bacillus and poorly invasive (effects due to exotoxin)?

    <p>Corynebacterium diphtheriae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which diphtheria exotoxin is used for entry into the target cell?

    <p>B chain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which diphtheria exotoxin displays inhibition of protein synthesis?

    <p>A chain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pseudomembrane of diphtheria composed of? (Select all that apply)

    <p>Fibrin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does diphtheria present with? (Select all that apply)

    <p>pharyngitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the diphtheria pseudomembrane develop? (Select all that apply)

    <p>Tonsils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are complicated diphtheria cases due to?

    <p>Respiratory obstruction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a systemic infection associated with diphtheria?

    <p>myocarditis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are characteristics of diphtheria skin infections?

    <p>Pustules or chronic non-healing ulceration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is most important in diphtheria treatment?

    <p>Toxin neutralization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can neutralize the free toxin in Diphtheria?

    <p>Antitoxin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Corynebacterium diphtheriae is sensitive to many antibiotics.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following are viral infections of the upper respiratory tract?

    <p>Rhinovirus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common cold virus?

    <p>Rhinovirus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are 50% of rhinoviruses characterized as?

    <p>Picornavirus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is described below: Very small, non-enveloped, ssRNA virus?

    <p>Rhinovirus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many types of parainfluenza viruses are there?

    <p>4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do all parainfluenza viruses have in common?

    <p>Paramyxovirus group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What differentiates parainfluenza from influenza?

    <p>It replicates in the cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    There is no treatment for parainfluenza viruses.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which parainfluenza type has the following description:

    -Major cause of laryngotracheitis (acute croup) in infants and young children

    • Causes severe upper respiratory illness (pharyngitis and tracheobronchitis) in all age groups
    • Outbreaks usually occur in fall?

    <p>Type 1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which parainfluenza virus type has the following description:

    -Major cause of severe lower respiratory infection in infants and young children

    • Causes bronchitis and pneumonia in children less than one year of age
    • Infections occur throughout the year
    • 50% of all children are exposed to virus during 1st year of life?

    <p>Type 3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the 4 stages of classic lobar pneumonia?

    <p>Acute, red, grey, resolution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match each classic lobar pneumonia stage to its description

    <p>Acute congestion = Local capillaries engorged with neutrophils Red hepatization = RBC from capillaries flow into alveolar spaces Grey hepatization = Dead neutrophils and degenerating RBC Resolution = Antibodies produced and help control infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does community-acquired pneumonia usually present as?

    <p>Lobar pneumonia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can community acquired pneumonia progress into?

    <p>Abscesses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which species cause typical community-acquired pneumonia? (Select all that apply)

    <p>Haemophilus influenzae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which species cause atypical community acquired pneumonia? (Select all that apply)

    <p>Mycoplasma pneumoniae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some characteristics of atypical pneumonia? (Select all that apply)

    <p>Milder symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match each pneumonia type to its description

    <h1>Lobar pneumonia = Involves single lobe; unilateral; air bronchogram Interstitial pneumonia = Involves interstitial space; Ground glass appearance; bilateral; symmetrical Bronchopneumonia = central bronchi involved; patchy bilateral disease; asymmetrical; peribronchial cuffing</h1> Signup and view all the answers

    Which species can cause both community-acquired and nosocomial pneumonia?

    <p>Chlamydia pneumoniae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the treatment for Chlamydia pneumoniae? (Select all that apply)

    <p>Tetracycline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes walking pneumonia and 30% of all teenage pneumonias?

    <p>Mycoplasma pneumoniae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can mycoplasma pneumonia cause?

    <p>Mild tracheobronchitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is described: -Gram negative rod -Ubiquitous in fresh water -Transmitted to humans as a humidified aerosol -Facultative intracellular parasite?

    <p>Legionella pneumophila</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following uses Acanthamoeba as a reservoir?

    <p>Legionella pneumophila</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pathogen enters alveoli to infect macrophages and produces endocytic vesicles?

    <p>Legionella pneumophila</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does debilitation in nosocomial pneumonia cause?

    <p>Increase in proteolytic enzymes in saliva</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is there a rapid turnover of in the pathogenesis of nosocomial pneumonia?

    <p>Fibronectin layer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organism is nosocomial pneumonia usually associated with?

    <p>Staphylococcus aureus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What organism causes whooping cough?

    <p>Bordetella pertussis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is described as a Gram-negative coccobacillus with humans as its reservoir?

    <p>Bordetella pertussis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What group usually spreads whooping cough infections to schools and daycare centers?

    <p>Infected adults</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Pertussis have an affinity for?

    <p>Ciliated bronchial epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Pertussis produce once it attaches?

    <p>tracheal toxin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match each stage of pertussis with its definition

    <h1>Catarrhal stage (1-2 weeks) = Persistent perfuse and mucoid rhinorrhea (runny nose); Sneezing, malaise, anorexia; Most communicable during this phase Paroxysmal stage = Persistent coughing: up to 50x’s/day for 2-4 weeks; Characteristic whooping sound: patients try to catch breath; Apnea can follow coughing especially in infants Convalescent stage = Frequency and severity of coughing and other symptoms gradually decrease</h1> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some complications that can occur with a pertussis infection? (Select all that apply)

    <p>Superinfection with Strep pneumonia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is described as a Gram-positive rod that is spore-forming?

    <p>Bacillus anthracis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organism has the following symptoms:

    • 1-5 days of nonspecific malaise, mild fever, nonproductive cough
    • Progressive respiratory distress and cyanosis
    • Rapid and massive spread to CNS and blood followed by death?

    <p>Bacillus anthracis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the treatment for anthrax?

    <p>Penicillin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following species is described:

    • Rod shaped bacillus
    • Acid-fast staining
    • Nonspore forming
    • Produces mycolic acid?

    <p>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary TB complex called?

    <p>Ghon's complex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do 90% of primary TB infections end as?

    <p>Quiescent (silent)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can secondary TB infection lead to?

    <p>Caseation necrosis caverns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does secondary tuberculosis usually manifest?

    <p>Apices of lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following are treatments for tuberculosis (TB)? (Select all that apply)

    <p>Triple therapy (Isoniazid, pyrazinamide, rifampicin)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What family does influenza belong to?

    <p>Orthomyxovirus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three major influenza serotypes?

    <p>Type A</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What organism is the host of influenza?

    <p>Humans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organism is the reservoir of influenza?

    <p>Aquatic birds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a serious complication of influenza infection?

    <p>Bacterial superinfection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacteria are the common cause of influenza superinfections? (Select all that apply)

    <p>Streptococcus pneumoniae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) form in infected cells?

    <p>Syncytia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following are clinical signs of Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)? (Select all that apply)

    <p>Hyperexpansion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an atypical feature of Pneumocystis jiroveci?

    <p>Has cholesterol in plasma membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What radiographic appearance is indicative of Pneumocystis jiroveci?

    <p>Honeycomb appearance in the lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does blastomycosis spread to?

    <p>Skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is histoplasmosis typically found?

    <p>Soil contaminated with bat or bird droppings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a short-term treatment for histoplasmosis?

    <p>Amphotericin B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are HIV patients with Histoplasma treated with? (Select all that apply)

    <p>Itraconazole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes valley fever?

    <p>Coccidioidomycosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organism is difficult to diagnose as it is hard to distinguish it from other molds and causes infection in immunocompromised patients?

    <p>Aspergillus</p> Signup and view all the answers

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