Respiratory Tract Infections

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Where does Q fever come from?

Farm animals (correct)

Wild animals

Insects

Humans

What does Psittacosis come from?

Mammals

Parrots and other birds (correct)

Reptiles

Fish

Which of the following are frequent sites of infection? (Select all that apply)

Mastoid cavity (correct)

Middle ear (correct)

Nasal sinuses (correct)

Nasopharynx (correct)

What are the most dangerous fungal infections? (Select all that apply)

Aspergillus (A), Pneumocystis jirovecii (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which bacterial species can cause otitis, sinusitis, and mastoiditis?

Streptococcus pneumoniae (A), Hemophilius influenzae (B), Staphylococcus aureus (C), Group A streptococci (D) Signup and view all the answers

What organisms can cause Pharyngitis? (Select all that apply)

Streptococci (Group A and C) (A), Cornyebacterium diphtheriae (B), Chlamydophilia pneumoniae (C), Mycoplasma pneumoniae (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which organism causes strep throat?

Streptococcus pyogenes (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which organism has the following description:

Contains M proteins which inhibit phagocytosis

Produces pyrogenic toxins which cause the symptoms seen with pharyngitis?

Streptococcus pyogenes (A) Signup and view all the answers

What does Group A streptococcus cause on the tonsils?

abscesses (B) Signup and view all the answers

What causes scarlet fever and scarlet syndrome?

S. pyogenes (A) Signup and view all the answers

What else can streptococcal pyrogenic toxin cause? (Select all that apply)

Scarlet fever rash (A), Toxic shock syndrome (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are streptolysins? (Select all that apply)

Streptolysin O (B), Streptolysin S (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which population is scarlet fever usually seen in?

Children under 18 years of age (C) Signup and view all the answers

What do scarlet fever symptoms begin with?

Rash (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following pathologies has the listed symptoms:

-Sore throat with yellow or white papules

Fever 101 degrees or higher

Lymphadenopathy in neck

Headache, body aches and nausea?

Scarlet fever (A) Signup and view all the answers

What makes diphtheria life threatening?

Toxemia (B) Signup and view all the answers

What can diphtheria toxemia cause?

Acute myocarditis (A) Signup and view all the answers

How is diphtheria transmitted?

Droplet aerosol (A), Direct contact with skin (B), Fomites (C) Signup and view all the answers

What are the components of the diphtheria exotoxins?

B chain (A), A chain (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following organisms has the following description: small gram-positive bacillus and poorly invasive (effects due to exotoxin)?

Corynebacterium diphtheriae (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which diphtheria exotoxin is used for entry into the target cell?

B chain (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which diphtheria exotoxin displays inhibition of protein synthesis?

A chain (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the pseudomembrane of diphtheria composed of? (Select all that apply)

Fibrin (A), Leukocytes (B), Cell debris (C) Signup and view all the answers

What does diphtheria present with? (Select all that apply)

pharyngitis (A), tonsillitis (B), fever (C) Signup and view all the answers

Where does the diphtheria pseudomembrane develop? (Select all that apply)

Tonsils (A), Uvula (B), Soft palate (C), Pharyngeal wall (D) Signup and view all the answers

What are complicated diphtheria cases due to?

Respiratory obstruction (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is a systemic infection associated with diphtheria?

myocarditis (B) Signup and view all the answers

What are characteristics of diphtheria skin infections?

Pustules or chronic non-healing ulceration (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is most important in diphtheria treatment?

Toxin neutralization (A) Signup and view all the answers

What can neutralize the free toxin in Diphtheria?

Antitoxin (C) Signup and view all the answers

Corynebacterium diphtheriae is sensitive to many antibiotics.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are viral infections of the upper respiratory tract?

Rhinovirus (A), Parainfluenza virus (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common cold virus?

Rhinovirus (A) Signup and view all the answers

What are 50% of rhinoviruses characterized as?

Picornavirus (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is described below: Very small, non-enveloped, ssRNA virus?

Rhinovirus (C) Signup and view all the answers

How many types of parainfluenza viruses are there?

4 (D) Signup and view all the answers

What do all parainfluenza viruses have in common?

Paramyxovirus group (A), ssRNA (B), Contain hemagglutinin and neuraminidase (C) Signup and view all the answers

What differentiates parainfluenza from influenza?

It replicates in the cytoplasm (A), More stable than influenza: no shift or drift, no mutations (B) Signup and view all the answers

There is no treatment for parainfluenza viruses.

True (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which parainfluenza type has the following description:

-Major cause of laryngotracheitis (acute croup) in infants and young children

Causes severe upper respiratory illness (pharyngitis and tracheobronchitis) in all age groups

Outbreaks usually occur in fall?

Type 1 (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which parainfluenza virus type has the following description:

-Major cause of severe lower respiratory infection in infants and young children

Causes bronchitis and pneumonia in children less than one year of age

Infections occur throughout the year

50% of all children are exposed to virus during 1st year of life?

Type 3 (C) Signup and view all the answers

What are the 4 stages of classic lobar pneumonia?

Acute, red, grey, resolution (A) Signup and view all the answers

Match each classic lobar pneumonia stage to its description

Acute congestion = Local capillaries engorged with neutrophils Red hepatization = RBC from capillaries flow into alveolar spaces Grey hepatization = Dead neutrophils and degenerating RBC Resolution = Antibodies produced and help control infection Signup and view all the answers

What does community-acquired pneumonia usually present as?

Lobar pneumonia (B) Signup and view all the answers

What can community acquired pneumonia progress into?

Abscesses (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which species cause typical community-acquired pneumonia? (Select all that apply)

Haemophilus influenzae (B), Streptococcus pneumoniae (C), Staphylococcus aureus (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which species cause atypical community acquired pneumonia? (Select all that apply)

Mycoplasma pneumoniae (A), Legionella pneumophilia (B), Chlamydophilia pneumoniae and Chlamydophilia psittaci (C), Coxiella burnetti (D) Signup and view all the answers

What are some characteristics of atypical pneumonia? (Select all that apply)

Milder symptoms (A), Coughing without sputum (C) Signup and view all the answers

Match each pneumonia type to its description

<h1>Lobar pneumonia = Involves single lobe; unilateral; air bronchogram Interstitial pneumonia = Involves interstitial space; Ground glass appearance; bilateral; symmetrical Bronchopneumonia = central bronchi involved; patchy bilateral disease; asymmetrical; peribronchial cuffing</h1> Signup and view all the answers

Which species can cause both community-acquired and nosocomial pneumonia?

Chlamydia pneumoniae (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the treatment for Chlamydia pneumoniae? (Select all that apply)

Tetracycline (A), Erythromycin (B) Signup and view all the answers

What causes walking pneumonia and 30% of all teenage pneumonias?

Mycoplasma pneumoniae (C) Signup and view all the answers

What can mycoplasma pneumonia cause?

Mild tracheobronchitis (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is described: -Gram negative rod -Ubiquitous in fresh water -Transmitted to humans as a humidified aerosol -Facultative intracellular parasite?

Legionella pneumophila (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following uses Acanthamoeba as a reservoir?

Legionella pneumophila (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which pathogen enters alveoli to infect macrophages and produces endocytic vesicles?

Legionella pneumophila (B) Signup and view all the answers

What does debilitation in nosocomial pneumonia cause?

Increase in proteolytic enzymes in saliva (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is there a rapid turnover of in the pathogenesis of nosocomial pneumonia?

Fibronectin layer (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which organism is nosocomial pneumonia usually associated with?

Staphylococcus aureus (C) Signup and view all the answers

What organism causes whooping cough?

Bordetella pertussis (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is described as a Gram-negative coccobacillus with humans as its reservoir?

Bordetella pertussis (B) Signup and view all the answers

What group usually spreads whooping cough infections to schools and daycare centers?

Infected adults (A) Signup and view all the answers

What does Pertussis have an affinity for?

Ciliated bronchial epithelium (A) Signup and view all the answers

What does Pertussis produce once it attaches?

tracheal toxin (A) Signup and view all the answers

Match each stage of pertussis with its definition

<h1>Catarrhal stage (1-2 weeks) = Persistent perfuse and mucoid rhinorrhea (runny nose); Sneezing, malaise, anorexia; Most communicable during this phase Paroxysmal stage = Persistent coughing: up to 50x’s/day for 2-4 weeks; Characteristic whooping sound: patients try to catch breath; Apnea can follow coughing especially in infants Convalescent stage = Frequency and severity of coughing and other symptoms gradually decrease</h1> Signup and view all the answers

What are some complications that can occur with a pertussis infection? (Select all that apply)

Superinfection with Strep pneumonia (A), Convulsions (B), Subconjunctival and cerebral bleeding and anoxia (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is described as a Gram-positive rod that is spore-forming?

Bacillus anthracis (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which organism has the following symptoms:

1-5 days of nonspecific malaise, mild fever, nonproductive cough

Progressive respiratory distress and cyanosis

Rapid and massive spread to CNS and blood followed by death?

Bacillus anthracis (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the treatment for anthrax?

Penicillin (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following species is described:

Rod shaped bacillus

Acid-fast staining

Nonspore forming

Produces mycolic acid?

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary TB complex called?

Ghon's complex (A) Signup and view all the answers

What do 90% of primary TB infections end as?

Quiescent (silent) (B) Signup and view all the answers

What can secondary TB infection lead to?

Caseation necrosis caverns (A) Signup and view all the answers

Where does secondary tuberculosis usually manifest?

Apices of lungs (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are treatments for tuberculosis (TB)? (Select all that apply)

Triple therapy (Isoniazid, pyrazinamide, rifampicin) (A), Direct observed therapy (DOT) (C) Signup and view all the answers

What family does influenza belong to?

Orthomyxovirus (B) Signup and view all the answers

What are the three major influenza serotypes?

Type A (A), Type B (B), Type C (C) Signup and view all the answers

What organism is the host of influenza?

Humans (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which organism is the reservoir of influenza?

Aquatic birds (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is a serious complication of influenza infection?

Bacterial superinfection (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which bacteria are the common cause of influenza superinfections? (Select all that apply)

Streptococcus pneumoniae (A), Haemophilus influenzae (B), Staphylococcus aureus (C) Signup and view all the answers

What does Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) form in infected cells?

Syncytia (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are clinical signs of Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)? (Select all that apply)

Hyperexpansion (A), Hypoxia (B), Hypercapnia (C), Pulmonary collapse (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is an atypical feature of Pneumocystis jiroveci?

Has cholesterol in plasma membrane (A) Signup and view all the answers

What radiographic appearance is indicative of Pneumocystis jiroveci?

Honeycomb appearance in the lungs (B) Signup and view all the answers

What does blastomycosis spread to?

Skin (A), Bones (B), Genitourinary tract (C) Signup and view all the answers

Where is histoplasmosis typically found?

Soil contaminated with bat or bird droppings (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is a short-term treatment for histoplasmosis?

Amphotericin B (A) Signup and view all the answers

What are HIV patients with Histoplasma treated with? (Select all that apply)

Itraconazole (A), Ketoconazole (B) Signup and view all the answers

What causes valley fever?

Coccidioidomycosis (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which organism is difficult to diagnose as it is hard to distinguish it from other molds and causes infection in immunocompromised patients?

Aspergillus (B) Signup and view all the answers