Respiratory Tract and Common Cold Overview
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Respiratory Tract and Common Cold Overview

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Questions and Answers

The key step in building trust with patients includes acknowledging their concerns.

True

What is the primary role of a community pharmacist within a healthcare team?

  • Administering vaccines
  • Conducting surgeries
  • Dispensing medications only
  • Providing counseling and education (correct)

    • The main goal of patient counseling in community pharmacy is to ensure the ___ use of medications.

    safe

    What training model is used to build trust in community pharmacy?

    <p>LATTE Training</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following components of LATTE Training with their descriptions:

    <p>Listen = Pay attention to the patient's concerns Acknowledge = Validate the patient's feelings Take action = Address the patient's issue Explain = Clarify any misunderstandings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a key objective of community pharmacy practice?

    <p>Implement evidence-based treatment guidelines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Adverse drug reactions are not a concern for community pharmacists.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should pharmacists recognize to ensure proper patient referrals?

    <p>Referral trigger points</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the respiratory tract is primarily affected by the common cold?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average number of colds children contract per year?

    <p>five to six</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flu and the common cold are both respiratory illnesses, but they are caused by different __________.

    <p>viruses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The common cold is caused by bacterial infections.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mode of transmission is primarily responsible for spreading the cold virus?

    <p>Direct contact transmission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are two common clinical features of the common cold?

    <p>Sore throat and sneezing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Colds are most contagious during the first 1 to 2 days of symptoms.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the respiratory illnesses with their description:

    <p>Common cold = Mild viral infection of the upper respiratory tract Flu = Intense symptoms including high fever and body aches Allergic rhinitis = Allergic reaction causing nasal inflammation Acute bronchitis = Inflammation of the bronchi often due to infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a symptom of the flu?

    <p>Sneezing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Children visit physicians more often for respiratory illnesses than adults.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason children visit the physician related to respiratory issues?

    <p>common cold</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The incubation period for a cold can range from 1 to _____ days.

    <p>3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following symptoms with their description:

    <p>Sore throat = Inflammation and pain in the throat Nasal discharge = Mucus fluid from the nose Congestion = Blocked nasal passages Cough = Expulsion of air from the lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which virus type accounts for 30-50% of common cold cases?

    <p>Rhinoviruses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes tissue injury during a rhinovirus infection?

    <p>Ciliated cell damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the incubation period for the flu?

    <p>1-4 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Rhinoviruses thrive in low ______.

    <p>humidity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following should be avoided in pregnancy?

    <p>Xylometazoline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Adults are most contagious starting from the day symptoms appear until five days after.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Histamine is the primary mediator in the symptoms of the common cold.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical duration of symptoms for a rhinovirus infection?

    <p>7-11 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following symptoms of the common cold with their causes:

    <p>Nasal congestion = Increased capillary permeability Sneezing = Irritation of nasal epithelium Nasal discharge = Vasodilation and increased vascular permeability Coughing = Fluid dripping down the throat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pseudoephedrine can be used without caution in patients with hypertension.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What conditions may indicate a need to refer a patient to a physician?

    <p>Symptoms lasting more than a week, annual recurrence, or wheezing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Use of sympathomimetics should be approached with __________ in patients taking antidepressants.

    <p>caution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following medications with their respective age restrictions:

    <p>Phenylephrine = &gt;12 years Pseudoephedrine = &gt;6 years Oxymetazoline = &gt;12 years Xylometazoline = &gt;6 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What side effect is associated with systemic sympathomimetics?

    <p>Dry mouth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Local irritation is a side effect of Xylometazoline.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of treating headaches, what should be used with caution due to risk of sedation?

    <p>Antidepressants, anxiolytics, and hypnotics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Respiratory Tract

    • Divided into upper and lower respiratory tract
    • Upper respiratory tract structures are located outside the thorax: nasal cavity, pharynx & larynx
    • The term "common cold" refers to a mild upper respiratory tract infection

    Common Cold

    • Most common infectious disease in the world
    • Number one reason children visit the physician and stay home from school
    • Caused by members of several families of viruses
    • Most cases are mild, about one-third of all hospitalizations in children are due to respiratory problems, including asthma and pneumonia.

    Flu vs. Common Cold

    • Flu is worse than the common cold, and symptoms are more intense.
    • Flu often starts abruptly with sweats and chills, muscular aches and pains in the limbs, a dry sore throat, cough and high temperature.

    Etiology of Common Cold

    • Greater than 200 different virus types can produce symptoms of the common cold, including rhinoviruses, coronaviruses, parainfluenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus and adenovirus.
    • Rhinoviruses account for 30–50% of all cases.
    • Rhinoviruses are in invisible droplets in the air we breathe or on things we touch.
    • Manifestations appear after an incubation period of 12-72 hours and last 7-11 days, but may persist for longer.

    Inflammation and Congestion

    • Virus invades nasal and bronchial epithelia, attaching to specific receptors and causing damage to the ciliated cells.
    • Tissue injury activates cellular defense, leading to the release of inflammatory mediators e.g.prostaglandin, leukotriene and Cytokine, which leads to inflammation of the tissues lining the nose.
    • Permeability of capillary cell walls increases, resulting in edema, which is experienced by the patient as: nasal congestion and sneezing.
    • Viruses can cause inflammation in the nasal passageways, which creates swelling that greatly reduces or even blocks the airflow through the nostrils.
    • Nasal congestion is also the result of dilation of the large blood vessels (veins) in the nose that shrink the volume of the nasal cavity and reduce airflow.
    • These mediators induce vasodilatation and increase vascular permeability which produce nasal obstruction and nasal discharge which are symptoms of common cold virus.
    • Histamine plays a minor role in the symptoms of common cold.

    Mode of Transmission

    • Primarily by the virus coming into contact with the hands, which then touch the nose, mouth and eyes (direct contact transmission).
    • Respiratory droplets shed from the nose to the surfaces such as door handles and telephones.
    • Transmission by coughing and sneezing.
    • Colds are most contagious during the first 1 to 2 days of symptoms.

    Prevention

    • Good hygiene (washing hands frequently and using disposable tissues)

    Clinical Features of Common Cold

    • Incubation period of 1 to 3 days, the patient develops:
      • Sore throat
      • Sneezing, followed by profuse nasal discharge and congestion
      • Cough
      • Headache and malaise; mild to moderate fever

    Treatment for Common Cold

    • Most symptoms will improve with time and proper care, but some medications can help.

    Specific Questions

    • Are there other symptoms?
    • Is this the first time these symptoms are occurring?
    • Are there any concerns such as wheezing, shortness of breath, fever, chest pain, difficulty swallowing or any other concerning symptoms?
    • Are there any allergies?
    • Is there any history of taking long-term medication?
    • Are there any social concerns, such as access to food, the ability to take medication, the presence of pets, and any other situations that may prevent patients from following the advice?

    Evidence-Based Common Cold Management

    • Use non-pharmacological interventions such as staying hydrated and rest.
    • Rest and fluids can help the patient.

    Patient Counseling

    • Advise patient to stay hydrated and rest.
    • Explain the duration of symptoms, which can vary, but common cold will usually subside without complications.
    • Encourage patient to wash hands frequently.
    • Emphasize that some medications are available for symptom relief over-the-counter.

    Trigger and Referral Points

    • Refer to physician if symptoms last more than a week, appear at the same time every year or occur when patient is exposed to pollen, dust, animals or another substance, patient could have an allergy.
    • A patient who has trouble breathing or wheezes when he or she catches a cold could have asthma.
    • Refer to physician if patient might have more than a cold or is getting worse instead of better.

    Over-the-Counter Medications

    • Nasal decongestants such as pseudoephedrine or phenylephrine can relieve nasal congestion.
    • Oral antihistamines such as loratadine or cetirizine can reduce allergy symptoms and nasal congestion.
    • Over-the-counter pain relievers such as acetaminophen or ibuprofen can reduce fever and muscle aches.
    • Cough suppressants are also available over-the-counter, such as dextromethorphan.

    Pharmacist's Role

    • Pharmacists can provide information and education about the common cold and its symptoms.
    • Educate patients about effective self-care strategies and over-the-counter medications.
    • Counsel patients on the potential risks of self-medication.
    • Help patients to manage symptoms and make responsible decisions about their health.

    Referral

    • Pharmacists should be able to recognize when a patient needs medical attention and refer them to a doctor.
    • Pharmacists should work collaboratively with other healthcare professionals, such as physicians and nurses.

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    Related Documents

    Common Cold Lecture Notes PDF

    Description

    Explore the key aspects of the respiratory tract, including its division into upper and lower sections. Understand the differences between the common cold and the flu, along with the causes and impacts of upper respiratory infections, particularly among children.

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