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The key step in building trust with patients includes acknowledging their concerns.
The key step in building trust with patients includes acknowledging their concerns.
True
What is the primary role of a community pharmacist within a healthcare team?
What is the primary role of a community pharmacist within a healthcare team?
The main goal of patient counseling in community pharmacy is to ensure the ___ use of medications.
The main goal of patient counseling in community pharmacy is to ensure the ___ use of medications.
safe
What training model is used to build trust in community pharmacy?
What training model is used to build trust in community pharmacy?
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Match the following components of LATTE Training with their descriptions:
Match the following components of LATTE Training with their descriptions:
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Which of the following is a key objective of community pharmacy practice?
Which of the following is a key objective of community pharmacy practice?
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Adverse drug reactions are not a concern for community pharmacists.
Adverse drug reactions are not a concern for community pharmacists.
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What should pharmacists recognize to ensure proper patient referrals?
What should pharmacists recognize to ensure proper patient referrals?
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Which part of the respiratory tract is primarily affected by the common cold?
Which part of the respiratory tract is primarily affected by the common cold?
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What is the average number of colds children contract per year?
What is the average number of colds children contract per year?
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Flu and the common cold are both respiratory illnesses, but they are caused by different __________.
Flu and the common cold are both respiratory illnesses, but they are caused by different __________.
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The common cold is caused by bacterial infections.
The common cold is caused by bacterial infections.
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Which mode of transmission is primarily responsible for spreading the cold virus?
Which mode of transmission is primarily responsible for spreading the cold virus?
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What are two common clinical features of the common cold?
What are two common clinical features of the common cold?
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Colds are most contagious during the first 1 to 2 days of symptoms.
Colds are most contagious during the first 1 to 2 days of symptoms.
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Match the respiratory illnesses with their description:
Match the respiratory illnesses with their description:
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Which of the following is NOT a symptom of the flu?
Which of the following is NOT a symptom of the flu?
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Children visit physicians more often for respiratory illnesses than adults.
Children visit physicians more often for respiratory illnesses than adults.
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What is the primary reason children visit the physician related to respiratory issues?
What is the primary reason children visit the physician related to respiratory issues?
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The incubation period for a cold can range from 1 to _____ days.
The incubation period for a cold can range from 1 to _____ days.
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Match the following symptoms with their description:
Match the following symptoms with their description:
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Which virus type accounts for 30-50% of common cold cases?
Which virus type accounts for 30-50% of common cold cases?
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What causes tissue injury during a rhinovirus infection?
What causes tissue injury during a rhinovirus infection?
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What is the incubation period for the flu?
What is the incubation period for the flu?
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Rhinoviruses thrive in low ______.
Rhinoviruses thrive in low ______.
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Which of the following should be avoided in pregnancy?
Which of the following should be avoided in pregnancy?
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Adults are most contagious starting from the day symptoms appear until five days after.
Adults are most contagious starting from the day symptoms appear until five days after.
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Histamine is the primary mediator in the symptoms of the common cold.
Histamine is the primary mediator in the symptoms of the common cold.
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What is the typical duration of symptoms for a rhinovirus infection?
What is the typical duration of symptoms for a rhinovirus infection?
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Match the following symptoms of the common cold with their causes:
Match the following symptoms of the common cold with their causes:
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Pseudoephedrine can be used without caution in patients with hypertension.
Pseudoephedrine can be used without caution in patients with hypertension.
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What conditions may indicate a need to refer a patient to a physician?
What conditions may indicate a need to refer a patient to a physician?
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Use of sympathomimetics should be approached with __________ in patients taking antidepressants.
Use of sympathomimetics should be approached with __________ in patients taking antidepressants.
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Match the following medications with their respective age restrictions:
Match the following medications with their respective age restrictions:
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What side effect is associated with systemic sympathomimetics?
What side effect is associated with systemic sympathomimetics?
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Local irritation is a side effect of Xylometazoline.
Local irritation is a side effect of Xylometazoline.
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In the context of treating headaches, what should be used with caution due to risk of sedation?
In the context of treating headaches, what should be used with caution due to risk of sedation?
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Study Notes
Respiratory Tract
- Divided into upper and lower respiratory tract
- Upper respiratory tract structures are located outside the thorax: nasal cavity, pharynx & larynx
- The term "common cold" refers to a mild upper respiratory tract infection
Common Cold
- Most common infectious disease in the world
- Number one reason children visit the physician and stay home from school
- Caused by members of several families of viruses
- Most cases are mild, about one-third of all hospitalizations in children are due to respiratory problems, including asthma and pneumonia.
Flu vs. Common Cold
- Flu is worse than the common cold, and symptoms are more intense.
- Flu often starts abruptly with sweats and chills, muscular aches and pains in the limbs, a dry sore throat, cough and high temperature.
Etiology of Common Cold
- Greater than 200 different virus types can produce symptoms of the common cold, including rhinoviruses, coronaviruses, parainfluenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus and adenovirus.
- Rhinoviruses account for 30–50% of all cases.
- Rhinoviruses are in invisible droplets in the air we breathe or on things we touch.
- Manifestations appear after an incubation period of 12-72 hours and last 7-11 days, but may persist for longer.
Inflammation and Congestion
- Virus invades nasal and bronchial epithelia, attaching to specific receptors and causing damage to the ciliated cells.
- Tissue injury activates cellular defense, leading to the release of inflammatory mediators e.g.prostaglandin, leukotriene and Cytokine, which leads to inflammation of the tissues lining the nose.
- Permeability of capillary cell walls increases, resulting in edema, which is experienced by the patient as: nasal congestion and sneezing.
- Viruses can cause inflammation in the nasal passageways, which creates swelling that greatly reduces or even blocks the airflow through the nostrils.
- Nasal congestion is also the result of dilation of the large blood vessels (veins) in the nose that shrink the volume of the nasal cavity and reduce airflow.
- These mediators induce vasodilatation and increase vascular permeability which produce nasal obstruction and nasal discharge which are symptoms of common cold virus.
- Histamine plays a minor role in the symptoms of common cold.
Mode of Transmission
- Primarily by the virus coming into contact with the hands, which then touch the nose, mouth and eyes (direct contact transmission).
- Respiratory droplets shed from the nose to the surfaces such as door handles and telephones.
- Transmission by coughing and sneezing.
- Colds are most contagious during the first 1 to 2 days of symptoms.
Prevention
- Good hygiene (washing hands frequently and using disposable tissues)
Clinical Features of Common Cold
- Incubation period of 1 to 3 days, the patient develops:
- Sore throat
- Sneezing, followed by profuse nasal discharge and congestion
- Cough
- Headache and malaise; mild to moderate fever
Treatment for Common Cold
- Most symptoms will improve with time and proper care, but some medications can help.
Specific Questions
- Are there other symptoms?
- Is this the first time these symptoms are occurring?
- Are there any concerns such as wheezing, shortness of breath, fever, chest pain, difficulty swallowing or any other concerning symptoms?
- Are there any allergies?
- Is there any history of taking long-term medication?
- Are there any social concerns, such as access to food, the ability to take medication, the presence of pets, and any other situations that may prevent patients from following the advice?
Evidence-Based Common Cold Management
- Use non-pharmacological interventions such as staying hydrated and rest.
- Rest and fluids can help the patient.
Patient Counseling
- Advise patient to stay hydrated and rest.
- Explain the duration of symptoms, which can vary, but common cold will usually subside without complications.
- Encourage patient to wash hands frequently.
- Emphasize that some medications are available for symptom relief over-the-counter.
Trigger and Referral Points
- Refer to physician if symptoms last more than a week, appear at the same time every year or occur when patient is exposed to pollen, dust, animals or another substance, patient could have an allergy.
- A patient who has trouble breathing or wheezes when he or she catches a cold could have asthma.
- Refer to physician if patient might have more than a cold or is getting worse instead of better.
Over-the-Counter Medications
- Nasal decongestants such as pseudoephedrine or phenylephrine can relieve nasal congestion.
- Oral antihistamines such as loratadine or cetirizine can reduce allergy symptoms and nasal congestion.
- Over-the-counter pain relievers such as acetaminophen or ibuprofen can reduce fever and muscle aches.
- Cough suppressants are also available over-the-counter, such as dextromethorphan.
Pharmacist's Role
- Pharmacists can provide information and education about the common cold and its symptoms.
- Educate patients about effective self-care strategies and over-the-counter medications.
- Counsel patients on the potential risks of self-medication.
- Help patients to manage symptoms and make responsible decisions about their health.
Referral
- Pharmacists should be able to recognize when a patient needs medical attention and refer them to a doctor.
- Pharmacists should work collaboratively with other healthcare professionals, such as physicians and nurses.
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Description
Explore the key aspects of the respiratory tract, including its division into upper and lower sections. Understand the differences between the common cold and the flu, along with the causes and impacts of upper respiratory infections, particularly among children.
