Respiratory Tract Infections Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary characteristic of emphysema?

  • Loss of elastic tissue of the lungs and destruction of alveolar walls. (correct)
  • Accumulation of copious amounts of thick secretions in the lungs.
  • Increased permeability of the epithelial membrane to chloride.
  • Inflammation of the airways with mucous secretion.

    • What is the defining characteristic of chronic bronchitis?

  • Long-term inflammation of the airways with mucous secretion. (correct)
  • Accumulation of copious amounts of thick secretions in the lungs.
  • Increased permeability of the epithelial membrane to chloride.
  • Destruction of alveolar walls and alveolar hyperinflation.

    • How is COPD diagnosed?

  • By examining the epithelial tissue for chloride permeability.
  • By observing the destruction of alveolar walls.
  • By measuring the amount of thick secretions in the lungs.
  • By using spirometry, a breathing test that measures air volumes and flow rates. (correct)

    • What is the underlying genetic defect associated with cystic fibrosis?

    <p>A defective gene on chromosome 7 that makes the epithelial membrane less permeable to chloride. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the typical symptoms of COPD?

    <p>Persistent cough, shortness of breath, and wheezing. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of acute bronchitis?

    <p>Viral infection (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common underlying cause of chronic bronchitis?

    <p>Irritation from noxious stimuli and recurrent infections (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary symptom of atelectasis?

    <p>Difficulty breathing (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not a common cause of atelectasis?

    <p>Excessive surfactant production (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic feature of bronchiectasis?

    <p>Dilation of the bronchial tree (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary trigger for asthma?

    <p>Exposure to allergens (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not a symptom of asthma?

    <p>Productive cough (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common underlying cause of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)?

    <p>Cigarette smoking (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary danger of a sinus infection left untreated?

    <p>Microorganisms can spread to the brain or eyes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common symptom of tuberculosis?

    <p>Bloody cough (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common infection site for Mycobacterium tuberculosis?

    <p>Lungs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of surfactant?

    <p>To reduce surface tension in the alveoli (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes a condition where air is present in the pleural space?

    <p>Pneumothorax (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a type of inflammatory response that can contribute to asthma?

    <p>Cytokine-mediated inflammation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)?

    <p>Asthma is reversible, while COPD is progressive and not fully reversible (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common trigger for inflammatory responses in the conducting airways?

    <p>Infection (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a symptom of the common cold?

    <p>Skin rash (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which viruses cause the common cold?

    <p>Stimulating the release of histamine and prostaglandins (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do goblet cells contribute to the symptoms of a common cold?

    <p>They increase mucus production. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between the common cold and seasonal rhinitis?

    <p>The common cold is triggered by a specific antigen, while seasonal rhinitis is not. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does sinusitis cause pain?

    <p>Inflammation of the sinus cavities causes pressure against the bone, which cannot stretch. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between sinusitis and the eustachian tube?

    <p>Sinusitis can cause swelling that blocks the eustachian tube, leading to ear pain. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential consequence of swollen nasal passages?

    <p>Difficulty breathing (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Respiratory Pathophysiology

    Study of disorders affecting breathing and gas exchange.

    Common Cold

    Viral infection of the upper respiratory tract causing inflammation.

    Histamine Release

    Chemical response that causes symptoms like sneezing and itching during allergies.

    Allergic Rhinitis

    Inflammation of nasal cavity due to allergens like pollen.

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    Mucosal Layer

    Thin tissue lining the conducting airways that can swell when inflamed.

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    Sinusitis

    Inflammation of sinus cavities leading to pain and blockage.

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    Otitis Media

    Ear infection due to blockage of the eustachian tube.

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    Prostaglandins Role

    Compounds released during inflammation that cause pain and swelling.

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    COPD

    Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, characterized by emphysema and chronic bronchitis.

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    Emphysema

    A lung disorder where elastic tissue is lost, causing alveolar hyperinflation and collapse on expiration.

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    Chronic Bronchitis

    Long-term inflammation of airways, diagnosed after 3 months of symptoms in 2 years.

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    Spirometry

    A test to diagnose COPD by measuring air flow rates and volumes.

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    Cystic Fibrosis

    A hereditary disease affecting respiratory function due to chloride transport issues.

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    Sinus Infection Danger

    Untreated sinus infections can spread to the brain or eyes.

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    Pharyngitis

    Inflammation of the pharynx, often caused by infections.

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    Laryngitis

    Inflammation of the larynx, affecting voice.

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    Bronchitis

    Inflammation of the bronchi, often from infections.

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    Pneumonia

    Lung inflammation from infection or aspiration.

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    Tuberculosis

    Infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, often affects lungs.

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    Atelectasis

    Incomplete expansion of alveoli due to pressure or blockage.

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    Bronchiectasis

    Chronic dilation and infection of bronchi leading to mucus issues.

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    Asthma

    Reversible airway obstruction and inflammation often from triggers.

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    Inflammatory Response

    Body's reaction to foreign substances causing swelling and protection.

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    Hyperactive Airways

    Airways that react strongly to allergens and irritants.

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    Status Asthmaticus

    Life-threatening asthma episode unresponsive to treatment.

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    Chronic Infections

    Persistent infections often leading to further complications.

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    Respiratory Distress Syndrome

    A syndrome affecting breathing due to respiratory failure.

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    Study Notes

    Respiratory Tract Infections

    • Common conditions impacting conducting airways involve inflammation of mucosal layers, often triggered by infections.
    • Pathogens stimulate immune cells, leading to further inflammation.
    • Common Cold: Caused by viruses, leading to histamine/prostaglandin release, and inflammation. Symptoms include sinus pain, nasal congestion, runny nose, sneezing, watery eyes, scratchy throat, and headache. Blocking of the eustachian tube can cause ear stuffiness and pain, increasing risk of ear infection.
    • Seasonal Rhinitis (Hay Fever): Inflammation of the nasal cavity due to an inflammatory response to specific antigens (pollen, mold, dust). Symptoms are similar to the common cold.
    • Sinusitis: Inflammation of sinus cavities, caused by infection or irritation. Swelling causes intense pain due to pressure on the surrounding bone. Untreated infections risk spreading to brain tissue or affecting eyesight.
    • Pharyngitis, Laryngitis, Bronchitis: Inflammation of the pharynx, larynx, and bronchi, respectively, commonly caused by viral or bacterial infections. Often associated with influenza (various viruses). Acute bronchitis is mostly viral; chronic bronchitis is caused by irritation like smoke or recurrent infections.

    Pneumonia

    • Inflammation of the lungs due to bacterial or viral infection or foreign substance aspiration.
    • A rapid inflammatory response leads to swelling, engorgement, and exudation of protective sera.
    • The respiratory membrane is affected, reducing gas exchange. Common symptoms include difficulty breathing, fatigue, fever, noisy breath sounds, and poor oxygenation.

    Tuberculosis

    • Caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Slow replication, highly resistant to destruction.
    • Spread via respiratory droplets. Primarily infects lung tissue.
    • Can be asymptomatic or cause lung tissue destruction in immunocompromised individuals. Symptoms may include cough (potentially bloody), fatigue, shortness of breath, fever, chills, weight loss, and night sweats.

    Ventilation and Gas Exchange Disorders

    • Numerous disorders affect lower respiratory tract, impacting gas exchange.
      • Atelectasis: Incomplete expansion of alveoli due to pressure (e.g., tumor, pneumothorax, pleural effusion) or airway blockage (e.g., mucus plug, edema, secretions). Can occur post-surgery due to anesthesia, pain, and decreased coughing. Also linked to insufficient surfactant. Symptoms include crackles, dyspnea, fever, cough, hypoxia, and chest wall movement changes.
      • Bronchiectasis: Chronic dilation of bronchi and bronchioles with chronic infection and inflammation. Epithelial cells replaced with scar tissue. Loss of mucus and ciliary movement leads to chronic lower lung infections. Often associated with underlying medical conditions like immune suppression, cystic fibrosis, or chronic inflammatory conditions.
      • Asthma: Reversible bronchospasm, inflammation, and hyperactive airways triggered by allergens, irritants, infections, exercise, or emotions. Inflammation mediated by eosinophils, lymphocytes, and mast cells; cytokine mediated inflammation with mucous and edema causing obstruction. Symptoms include wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and cough. Status asthmaticus is a life-threatening, non-responsive extreme case.
      • COPD: Progressive and not fully reversible chronic airway obstruction. Characterized by emphysema and chronic bronchitis; both leading to impaired airflow on expiration, lung inflation, and impaired gas exchange. Emphysema involves elastic tissue loss, alveolar wall destruction and hyperinflation. Chronic bronchitis involves long-term airway inflammation, mucus secretion, and edema. Diagnosis via spirometry (breathing test). Symptoms are low peak flow rate of expired air in conjunction with shortness of breath and/or productive cough.
      • Cystic Fibrosis (CF): Hereditary disorder affecting epithelial linings of respiratory, gastrointestinal, and reproductive tracts. A defective gene on chromosome 7 makes linings impermeable to chloride, decreasing sodium and water excretion. Resulting in thick secretions obstructing airways. Leading to recurrent infections and potential lung tissue destruction. Treatment includes preventing and treating infections, chest physical therapy, and nutritional therapy.

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    Description

    Explore the various conditions affecting the respiratory tract, including common cold, seasonal rhinitis, sinusitis, and more. Understand the causes, symptoms, and implications of these infections on health. This quiz provides insights into how pathogens impact inflammation and respiratory health.

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