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Questions and Answers
Which part of the respiratory tract is characterized by the presence of hyaline cartilage plates?
Which part of the respiratory tract is characterized by the presence of hyaline cartilage plates?
What type of epithelium is typically found in the conducting zone of the respiratory tract?
What type of epithelium is typically found in the conducting zone of the respiratory tract?
Which respiratory zone structure is associated with gas exchange in the lungs?
Which respiratory zone structure is associated with gas exchange in the lungs?
What happens to cilia along the path from the conducting zone to the respiratory zone?
What happens to cilia along the path from the conducting zone to the respiratory zone?
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Which type of bacteria are commonly found in the upper respiratory tract microbiome?
Which type of bacteria are commonly found in the upper respiratory tract microbiome?
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Which respiratory tract region is involved in warming and moistening incoming air?
Which respiratory tract region is involved in warming and moistening incoming air?
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What happens to mucous along the path from the conducting to the respiratory zone?
What happens to mucous along the path from the conducting to the respiratory zone?
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What is the significance of the optimal receptor binding temperature for rhinovirus to ICAM-1?
What is the significance of the optimal receptor binding temperature for rhinovirus to ICAM-1?
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Why must rhinovirus be less immunogenic due to the way it binds to ICAM-1?
Why must rhinovirus be less immunogenic due to the way it binds to ICAM-1?
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What are the common signs and symptoms of a rhinovirus infection?
What are the common signs and symptoms of a rhinovirus infection?
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How does rhinovirus enter the host cell?
How does rhinovirus enter the host cell?
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What is the role of ICAM-1 in the attachment and entry of rhinovirus into the host cell?
What is the role of ICAM-1 in the attachment and entry of rhinovirus into the host cell?
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Why does the attachment of rhinoviruses to ICAM-1 make them less immunogenic?
Why does the attachment of rhinoviruses to ICAM-1 make them less immunogenic?
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Explain why rhinoviruses are classified as picornaviruses.
Explain why rhinoviruses are classified as picornaviruses.
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Which of the following bacteria found in the upper respiratory tract is Gram-negative and requires both hemin and NAD+ to live?
Which of the following bacteria found in the upper respiratory tract is Gram-negative and requires both hemin and NAD+ to live?
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Which bacterium found in the upper respiratory tract is known for its ability to break down lactate into ATP and nitrate into nitric oxide?
Which bacterium found in the upper respiratory tract is known for its ability to break down lactate into ATP and nitrate into nitric oxide?
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Among the bacteria mentioned, which one is known for causing conditions like sepsis, pneumonia, toxic shock, and pimples?
Among the bacteria mentioned, which one is known for causing conditions like sepsis, pneumonia, toxic shock, and pimples?
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Which of the following is true about Propionibacterium acnes?
Which of the following is true about Propionibacterium acnes?
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Which bacteria found in the upper respiratory tract is referred to as fastidious, meaning it is difficult to grow in laboratory conditions?
Which bacteria found in the upper respiratory tract is referred to as fastidious, meaning it is difficult to grow in laboratory conditions?
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Which bacterium found in the upper respiratory tract can be categorized as facultative anaerobic and known for causing meningitis?
Which bacterium found in the upper respiratory tract can be categorized as facultative anaerobic and known for causing meningitis?
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Which bacterium found in the upper respiratory tract resembles the bacteria responsible for causing diphtheria but does not actually cause the disease?
Which bacterium found in the upper respiratory tract resembles the bacteria responsible for causing diphtheria but does not actually cause the disease?
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Which of the following bacteria found in the upper respiratory tract is known for its ability to break down nitrate oxide and nitrate into ATP?
Which of the following bacteria found in the upper respiratory tract is known for its ability to break down nitrate oxide and nitrate into ATP?
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What is the initial step in Rhinovirus replication?
What is the initial step in Rhinovirus replication?
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Which process dissolves the capsid of Rhinoviruses during replication?
Which process dissolves the capsid of Rhinoviruses during replication?
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How do Rhinoviruses exit the host cell after assembly?
How do Rhinoviruses exit the host cell after assembly?
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What is the effect of HRV infections on one's susceptibility to bacteria?
What is the effect of HRV infections on one's susceptibility to bacteria?
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How do HRV infections affect tight junctions in the body?
How do HRV infections affect tight junctions in the body?
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Which virus cause lysis of host cell?
Which virus cause lysis of host cell?
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Epstein barr virus is the causative agent of Mononucleosis
Epstein barr virus is the causative agent of Mononucleosis
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Prevention of Mono is impossible
Prevention of Mono is impossible
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Study Notes
Respiratory Tract Anatomy and Functions
- Hyaline Cartilage Plates: Present in the bronchi of the respiratory tract.
- Conducting Zone Epithelium: Primarily lined with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium.
- Respiratory Zone Structures: Alveoli are the primary sites for gas exchange.
- Cilia Transition: Gradually lost as the pathway moves from the conducting zone to the respiratory zone.
- Upper Respiratory Tract Microbiome: Commonly inhabited by commensal bacteria such as Streptococcus and Staphylococcus.
- Warming and Moistening Air: The nasal cavity and upper respiratory tract are responsible for these functions.
- Mucous Transition: Decreases from the conducting zone to the respiratory zone, resulting in thinner layers for gas exchange.
Rhinovirus Characteristics
- Optimal Binding Temperature: 33 degrees Celsius is ideal for rhinovirus attachment to ICAM-1, facilitating infection.
- Reduced Immunogenicity: Rhinovirus has low immunogenicity due to its ability to evade immune responses when binding to ICAM-1.
- Signs of Rhinovirus Infection: Common symptoms include nasal congestion, sore throat, cough, and general malaise.
- Entry Mechanism: Rhinovirus enters host cells via receptor-mediated endocytosis involving ICAM-1.
- ICAM-1 Role: Serves as the receptor allowing rhinovirus attachment and subsequent viral entry.
- Picornavirus Classification: Rhinoviruses belong to this family due to their small size and RNA genome.
Bacteria in Upper Respiratory Tract
- Haemophilus influenzae: Gram-negative bacteria requiring hemin and NAD+.
- Propionibacterium acnes: Known to break down lactate into ATP and nitrate into nitric oxide; associated with acne.
- Staphylococcus aureus: Associated with severe conditions like sepsis, pneumonia, and toxic shock.
- Fastidious Bacteria: Haemophilus species are considered fastidious, requiring specific growth conditions.
- Neisseria meningitidis: A facultative anaerobe associated with meningitis.
- Corynebacterium diphtheriae: Similar to diphtheria-causing bacteria but doesn't cause the disease.
Rhinovirus Replication and Effects
- Initial Replication Step: Involves the release of viral RNA into the host cell’s cytoplasm.
- Capsid Dissolution: The process of uncoating facilitates the release of viral RNA from the capsid.
- Viral Exit: Rhinoviruses exit host cells through lysis, leading to cell death.
- Impact on Bacterial Susceptibility: HRV infections may increase susceptibility to bacterial infections.
- Effect on Tight Junctions: HRV can disrupt epithelial tight junctions, altering barrier functions.
- Cell Lysis: Rhinovirus infections result in host cell lysis, more so than other viruses.
- Mononucleosis: Epstein Barr virus is the primary causative agent, with prevention being challenging.
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Description
Learn about the diagnosis and treatment of diphtheria, symptoms of the common cold, and the definition of rhinovirus. Explore the signs and symptoms of the common cold, including sneezing, congestion, sore throat, and more.
