Respiratory System Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the lungs?

  • Gas exchange with the external environment (correct)
  • Storing oxygen
  • Regulating body temperature
  • Stabilizing blood pressure

    • The conducting zones of the respiratory system include the alveoli.

    False

    Name the primary muscle involved in the process of inspiration.

    Diaphragm

    The __________ are small air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange occurs.

    <p>alveoli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the parts of the respiratory system with their main functions:

    <p>Trachea = Air transport to lungs Bronchi = Humidity and warming Alveoli = Gas exchange Diaphragm = Inspiration muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impact does airway resistance have on airflow?

    <p>Decreases airflow with smaller airway diameter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Expiration occurs when the diaphragm pushes downward and the volume of lungs decreases.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two types of circulation in the lungs?

    <p>Pulmonary circulation and bronchial circulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily stimulates breathing during exercise?

    <p>Increased arterial PCO2 and H+ concentration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hyperventilation leads to an increase in arterial PCO2.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does the Valsalva maneuver have during static exercises?

    <p>Reduces venous return and arterial blood pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During moderate-heavy exercises, ventilation frequency will generally __________.

    <p>increase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the respiratory training methods to their descriptions:

    <p>IFRL = Inspiratory flow-resistive loading VIHT = Voluntary isocapnic hyperpnea training IPTL = Inspiratory pressure-threshold loading CFB = Controlled frequency breathing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is considered a respiratory limitation during exercise?

    <p>Exercise-induced arterial hypoxemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During submaximal exercise, the pulmonary system is often seen as a limiting factor.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one physiological change that occurs during heavy exercise.

    <p>Nonlinear increase in ventilation or ventilatory thresholds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The breakpoint for breath-holding occurs at ______ mm Hg PCO2.

    <p>50</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does exercise generally affect the depth and rate of breathing?

    <p>Both depth and rate gradually increase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Women generally have larger lung function measures than men.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is respiratory muscle training (RMT) used for?

    <p>To improve inspiratory muscle strength and endurance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During prolonged exercise, a phenomenon known as __________ occurs, leading to changes in ventilation over time.

    <p>drift</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary cause of exercise-induced hypoxemia?

    <p>Ventilation-perfusion mismatch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How much of oxygen is transported in dissolved form in the blood?

    <p>1.5% - 3%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hemoglobin can carry up to four molecules of carbon dioxide at a time.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of myoglobin in muscle tissues?

    <p>It stores oxygen intramuscularly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The average ventilation-perfusion ratio (V:P) at rest is __________.

    <p>0.84</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following gases with their transportation methods:

    <p>Oxygen = Bound to hemoglobin Carbon Dioxide = Bicarbonate ions Myoglobin = Intramuscular storage Hemoglobin = Oxygen transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor leads to a right shift in the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve?

    <p>Increased carbon dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At rest, the arteriovenous oxygen difference (a-vO2 difference) is higher than during exercise.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of chemoreceptors in gas transport?

    <p>They monitor levels of oxygen, carbon dioxide, pH, and potassium.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Minute ventilation increases during exercise up to near-maximal rates of work, typically achieving values around __________ L/min for larger individuals.

    <p>200</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the components of blood oxygen transport with their descriptions:

    <p>HbO2 = Oxygen bound to hemoglobin Deoxyhemoglobin = Hemoglobin not bound to oxygen Bicarbonate = Primary form of transported CO2 Myoglobin = Oxygen storage in muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors increases oxygen extraction during exercise?

    <p>Increased temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The lungs' capacity and volumes directly determine an individual's exercise performance.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to pulmonary ventilation during light to moderate exercise?

    <p>It increases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The term used to describe the oxygen dissociation from hemoglobin is called __________.

    <p>dissociation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the vital capacity (VC) measure?

    <p>Maximum amount of gas that can be expired after a maximum inspiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The residual volume (RV) is the volume of gas in the lungs after maximum expiration.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for calculating minute ventilation (VE)?

    <p>VE = VT * f</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The _____ pressure of a gas affects its diffusion across membranes.

    <p>partial</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following pulmonary volumes with their definitions:

    <p>Tidal volume (TV) = Volume of air breathed in and out with each breath Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) = Air that can be inhaled after a normal inhalation Expiratory reserve volume (ERV) = Air that can be forcibly exhaled after a normal exhalation Total lung capacity (TLC) = Total amount of air the lungs can hold after maximum inhalation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following does NOT influence dynamic lung volumes?

    <p>Age</p> Signup and view all the answers

    CO2 is more soluble than O2 in the alveolar spaces.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of spirometry?

    <p>Diagnosis of lung diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fick's Law states that gas diffuses through a tissue at a rate proportional to surface area and inversely proportional to its _____ .

    <p>thickness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In healthy individuals, what is the normal FEV1/VC ratio?

    <p>80%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following gas laws with their descriptions:

    <p>Boyle's Law = Pressure of a gas is inversely related to its volume Dalton’s Law = Total pressure of a gas mixture equals the sum of partial pressures Henry’s Law = Gases diffuse from high pressure to low pressure Fick’s Law = Rate of diffusion is proportional to tissue area and pressure difference</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Alveolar ventilation (VA) is the volume of air that reaches the respiratory zone and is available for gas exchange.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Calculate the Maximum Voluntary Ventilation (MVV) if the 15 second volume is 180 L.

    <p>720 L/min</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The volume of air that remains in the conducting airways is called _____ .

    <p>dead space</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Pulmonary Ventilation

    • Pulmonary ventilation is the process of air moving in and out of the lungs.
    • The respiratory system includes the trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli.
    • The lungs facilitate gas exchange, replacing oxygen and removing carbon dioxide. They also regulate acid-base balance.
    • Pulmonary ventilation is a mechanical process.
    • Diffusion is the random movement of molecules from high to low concentration.

    Structure of the Pulmonary System

    • The conductive zone transports air to the lungs (nose/mouth to terminal bronchioles).
    • The transitional/respiratory zone is where gas exchange occurs (respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and alveoli).
    • The conducting zones are the anatomical dead space (trachea and terminal bronchioles). Functions include air transport, warming, humidification, particle filtration, vocalization, and immunoglobulin secretion.
    • The transitional/respiratory zones perform gas exchange, surfactant production, molecule activation/inactivation, blood clotting regulation, and endocrine function.
    • The lungs provide a large surface area (50-100 m²) for gas exchange, and are highly vascularized.
    • Alveoli are elastic, thin-walled membranous sacs (600 million) in the lungs, that create a small blood-gas barrier.

    Mechanics of Breathing

    • Air movement occurs via bulk flow due to pressure differences.
    • Inspiration: diaphragm contracts, ribs lift, lung volume expands, intrapulmonary pressure lowers.
    • Expiration: diaphragm relaxes, ribs drop, lung volume decreases, intrapulmonary pressure rises.

    Airway Resistance

    • Air flow depends on the pressure difference across the airway and airway resistance.
    • Airway resistance depends on the diameter of the airways.
    • Conditions like asthma and COPD affect airway resistance.

    Gas Delivery and Circulation

    • The lungs have two circulatory systems:
      • Pulmonary circulation supports external respiration.
      • Bronchial circulation provides blood supply to the lungs themselves.

    Lung Volumes and Capacities

    • Lung volumes are measured with a spirometer.
    • Volumes vary based on age, size, and gender.
    • Key volumes include Vital Capacity (VC), Residual Volume (RV), Total Lung Capacity (TLC), Tidal Volume (TV), Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV), Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV), Forced Vital Capacity (FVC).
    • Note: Values are not required for memorization.

    Spirometry

    • Spirometric tests are used to diagnose lung diseases like COPD.
    • Vital capacity (VC) measures the maximal volume of air exhaled after maximal inhalation.
    • Forced expiratory volume (FEV1) measures the volume of air exhaled in one second during maximal exhalation.
    • FEV1/VC ratio is a normal measure, indicative of airway capacity ≥ 80%.

    Measuring Respiration

    • Minute ventilation (VE) is the volume of air breathed each minute (VE = VT * f).
    • Alveolar ventilation (VA) is the volume of air reaching the respiratory zone (VA = (VT − VD) * f ; VD = total dead space).

    Maximum Voluntary Ventilation (MVV)

    • MVV assesses ventilatory capacity by measuring the volume of air moved during rapid, deep breathing.
    • Values typically exceed exercise ventilation.

    Gas Exchange and Transport

    • Air contains ~ 21% oxygen, ~0.03% carbon dioxide.
    • Dalton's Law: total pressure = sum of individual gas pressures.
    • Fick's Law: gas transfer rate is proportional to surface area, and inversely proportional to thickness.
    • Henry's Law: gases move from high to low pressure, and solubility affects diffusion rate.
    • Alveolar air is altered by CO2 entry.
    • Average arterial PO2 ≈ 100 mm Hg.

    Gas Transport – Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide

    • Oxygen transport: dissolved form (minor) and bound to hemoglobin (major). Hemoglobin (Hb) has four heme groups, each binding one oxygen molecule.
    • Carbon dioxide transport: dissolved in blood, combined with hemoglobin, and as bicarbonate ions.

    Acid-Base Balance

    • Mechanisms regulate H+ concentration in body fluids.
    • Hemoglobin and the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system are involved.
    • Kidneys also play a role in long-term acid-base balance.

    Arteriovenous O2 Difference

    • The amount of oxygen released by blood during systemic circulation.
    • Indicates oxygen uptake by tissues; higher in exercise.

    Oxygen Binding/Dissociation

    • Hemoglobin's oxygen binding capacity is dependent on blood PO2, temperature, and pH.
    • The oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve shows the relationship between blood PO2 and hemoglobin saturation. A right shift indicates reduced oxygen affinity.

    Ventilation-Perfusion Ratio (V/Q)

    • The ratio of alveolar ventilation to pulmonary blood flow at rest (~0.8).
    • Variations occur across different lung sections.

    Respiratory Responses to Exercise

    • Pulmonary ventilation increases to maintain alveolar ventilation.
    • External respiration and internal respiration adjust to meet oxygen demands.
    • Exercise increases oxygen extraction from blood.

    Effects of Endurance Training

    • Endurance training reduces exercise ventilation.

    Variations in Breathing Patterns

    • Hyperventilation decreases PCO2.
    • Dyspnea is inordinate shortness of breath.
    • Valsalva maneuver increases intrathoracic pressure during strenuous exertion, affecting venous return and blood pressure.

    Respiratory Limitations to Exercise

    • Exercise-induced arterial hypoxemia, respiratory muscle fatigue and excessive fluctuations in intrathoracic pressures can limit performance.

    Gender and Age Considerations

    • Women generally have smaller lung volumes and capacities than men.
    • Children and youth are not fully developed, and older adults show reduced lung capacity.

    Respiratory Muscle Training

    • Techniques like IFRL, VIHT, IPTL can improve respiratory muscle strength.
    • Controlled frequency breathing (CFB) has mixed effects.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge about the human respiratory system with this quiz. Explore the primary functions, key components, and mechanisms involved in respiration. Perfect for students studying the anatomy and physiology of breathing.

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