Respiratory System Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What happens to resistance of airflow when the diameter of the tube decreases?

  • Resistance of airflow remains the same
  • Resistance of airflow increases (correct)
  • Resistance of airflow decreases
  • Resistance of airflow becomes negligible

Which muscle is primarily involved in quiet expiration?

  • No muscles are involved (correct)
  • Abdominal muscles
  • External intercostal muscle
  • Diaphragm

What effect does interstitial pulmonary fibrosis have on the lungs?

  • Decreases lung compliance (correct)
  • Has no effect on lung function
  • Increases lung compliancy
  • Reduces elasticity of parenchyma

What occurs during forced inspiration?

<p>Involvement of sternocleidomastoid and scalenes muscles (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primarily causes pneumothorax?

<p>Increase in intrapleural pressure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of pleural fluid in the respiratory system?

<p>It helps lungs to easily contract during inhalation and exhalation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the intra-pulmonary pressure at rest?

<p>760 mm Hg (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which pressure difference defines lung volume?

<p>Transpulmonary pressure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to transpulmonary pressure during a pneumothorax?

<p>It becomes negative. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the radius of smaller alveoli affect the pressure needed to keep them open?

<p>Smaller alveoli require higher pressure to stay open. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between intra-pleural pressure and lung inflation?

<p>Intra-pleural pressure is always negative, keeping the lung inflated. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the atmospheric pressure at sea level defined as?

<p>760 mm Hg (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the intra-pulmonary pressure during quiet expiration?

<p>+1 mm/Hg (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the value of the transthoracic pressure during forced expiration?

<p>-2 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the intra-pleural pressure during forced inspiration?

<p>-7 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do you obtain when calculating transpulmonary pressure during quite inspiration?

<p>5 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which nerve innervates the diaphragm?

<p>4 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the atmospheric pressure during quiet expiration?

<p>0 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the intra-pulmonary pressure during forced inspiration?

<p>2 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following represents the intra-pleural pressure during quiet expiration?

<p>-3 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of surfactant produced by pneumocytes type 2?

<p>To reduce surface tension in the alveoli (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor negatively affects lung compliance?

<p>Increased elastic recoil of the lungs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes lung elasticity?

<p>It describes the tendency of lung tissue to return to its original size after stretching. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primarily maintains the negative pressure in the thoracic cavity?

<p>Surface tension created by fluid in the alveoli (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If there is insufficient surfactant production, which condition may result?

<p>Atelectasis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following groups contains respiratory centers involved in regulating breathing?

<p>Medullary centers and pons (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about surface tension in the lungs is true?

<p>It increases the likelihood of alveolar collapse. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is compliance in the context of lung function?

<p>The ability of the lungs to stretch and expand (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following influences lung compliance negatively?

<p>Increased surface tension (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The dorsal respiratory group (DRG) primarily functions to:

<p>Control rhythmic breathing patterns (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of surfactant in the alveoli?

<p>To reduce surface tension on the lung tissue (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What would happen to the alveoli without surfactant?

<p>They would collapse after exhalation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is pulmonary ventilation (VA) calculated when dead space is unknown?

<p>VA = VE CO2 × 0.863 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor does NOT contribute to airway resistance?

<p>Temperature of the air (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does surface tension have on the alveoli during exhalation?

<p>It acts to collapse the alveoli (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between the pleural cavity and exhalation?

<p>Contraction of the pleural cavity forces air out of the lungs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'viscosity' refer to in the context of airway resistance?

<p>The thickness of the air (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes the respiratory tract?

<p>It exhibits resistance during inhalation and exhalation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does surface tension affect the efficiency of lung inflation?

<p>It decreases efficiency by collapsing alveoli (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Visceral Pleura

The inner layer of the pleura that directly covers the lungs.

Parietal Pleura

The outer layer of the pleura that lines the chest wall, mediastinum, and diaphragm.

Pleural Cavity

The space between the visceral and parietal pleura containing pleural fluid.

Pleural Fluid

A lubricating fluid in the pleural cavity that reduces friction during breathing.

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Intra-pulmonary Pressure

The pressure inside the alveoli of the lungs.

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Intra-pleural Pressure

The pressure in the space between the visceral and parietal pleura.

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Transpulmonary Pressure

The difference between intra-pulmonary and intra-pleural pressure.

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Airflow Resistance

The force that opposes the flow of air through the respiratory system. It is inversely proportional to the cross-sectional area of the airway. Larger diameter airways have lower resistance, while smaller diameter airways have higher resistance.

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Inspiration (Inhalation)

The process of breathing in, where the diaphragm contracts, pulling down, the chest cavity expands, and air flows into the lungs.

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Expiration (Exhalation)

The process of breathing out, where the diaphragm relaxes, pushing up, the chest cavity contracts, and air flows out of the lungs.

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Quiet Expiration

A passive process during which the lungs recoil due to their natural elasticity, pushing air out.

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Forced Expiration

Active process using muscles like the abdominal muscles and internal intercostal muscles to push more air out of the lungs.

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Atmospheric Pressure

The pressure exerted by the air surrounding us. It's considered the reference pressure (0 mm/Hg).

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Transthoracic Pressure

The difference between intra-pleural pressure and atmospheric pressure. It reflects the pressure changes during breathing.

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Alveoli Deflation

The process of alveoli shrinking during exhalation due to surface tension in the lungs.

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Surface Tension

A force that exists at the surface of liquids, causing them to contract and resist expansion.

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Surfactant

A molecule produced by lung cells that reduces surface tension in the alveoli.

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Pulmonary Ventilation

The process of moving air into and out of the lungs.

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Alveolar Ventilation (VA)

The volume of air that reaches the alveoli per minute.

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Dead Space

The volume of air that does not reach the alveoli and therefore does not participate in gas exchange.

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CO2 Exhaled Per Minute (VE CO2)

The volume of carbon dioxide exhaled from the lungs per minute.

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Alveolar CO2 (PA CO2)

The partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the alveoli.

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Airway Resistance

The resistance the respiratory tract offers to airflow during breathing.

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Factors Affecting Airway Resistance

Factors that influence the ease or difficulty of airflow through the respiratory tract.

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DRG

Dorsal Respiratory Group, a group of neurons located in the medulla oblongata that primarily controls inspiration.

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VRG

Ventral Respiratory Group, a group of neurons located in the medulla oblongata that primarily controls expiration.

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Lung Compliance

The ability of the lungs to expand in response to changes in pressure. It reflects the 'stretchability' of the lungs.

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Factors Affecting Lung Compliance

The following factors influence how easily the lungs expand: elastic recoil of lungs, elasticity of chest wall, and surface tension.

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Elastic Recoil

The tendency of the lungs to return to their original shape after being stretched (like a rubber band).

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Chest Wall Elasticity

The tendency of the chest wall to expand outward, contributing to lung expansion.

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Atelectasis

Collapse of a lung, often caused by insufficient surfactant production.

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Pneumocytes Type II

Specialized cells in the alveoli that produce surfactant.

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Study Notes

Respiratory System

  • Breathing Mechanisms: Quiet expiration differs from forced expiration.
  • Emphysema: A condition affecting lung compliance.
  • Gas Exchange: Blood flow zones and gas exchange are detailed.
  • Oxygen-Hemoglobin Dissociation Curve: Factors like pH, DPG, and temperature affect oxygen loading and unloading.
  • Respiratory Regulation: Central and peripheral chemoreceptors monitor and adjust breathing rate.
  • Respiratory Pathways: Neurons and nerves play roles.
  • Respiratory Center (Brain Stem): Controls breathing rate.
  • Ventral Respiratory Group (VRG): Involved in inspiration and expiration.
  • Comparison of PCO2 and PO2 in Respiratory Regulation: The brain stem regulates breathing in response to these levels.
  • Progressive Respiratory Threshold Mechanisms: Description of the mechanisms.

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Respiratory System PDF

Description

Test your knowledge on the respiratory system, focusing on mechanisms of breathing, gas exchange, and regulation by the nervous system. Explore conditions such as emphysema and how various physiological factors influence respiration. This quiz will help reinforce your understanding of these critical concepts.

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