NCERT -BREATHING AND EXCHANGE OF GASES - 24 - 25
441 Questions
0 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the conducting part of the respiratory system?

  • Support the thoracic cavity
  • Gas exchange between blood and air
  • Protect the lungs from foreign particles
  • Transport and condition atmospheric air (correct)

    • The pleural membranes have no contact with the thoracic cavity.

    False

    What is the dome-shaped muscle that forms the lower part of the thoracic cavity?

    Diaphragm

    The process of gas exchange between blood and atmospheric air occurs in the __________.

    <p>alveoli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following parts is NOT included in the conducting part of the respiratory system?

    <p>Alveoli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following respiratory components with their functions:

    <p>Alveoli = Site of gas exchange Bronchioles = Conducting air to alveoli Pleural fluid = Reduces friction during breathing Diaphragm = Controls volume of thoracic cavity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cellular respiration results in the release of oxygen (O2).

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The thoracic cavity is formed laterally by the __________.

    <p>ribs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What muscle primarily initiates inspiration?

    <p>Diaphragm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Expiration occurs when the intra-pulmonary pressure is lower than atmospheric pressure.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes air to move into the lungs during inspiration?

    <p>A pressure gradient created by the decrease in intra-pulmonary pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During expiration, the _____ and _____ muscles relax, leading to a decrease in thoracic volume.

    <p>diaphragm, intercostal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their definitions:

    <p>Inspiration = Drawing air into the lungs Expiration = Releasing air from the lungs Intra-pulmonary pressure = Pressure within the lungs Atmospheric pressure = Pressure exerted by the weight of air in the atmosphere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following actions occurs during inspiration?

    <p>Contraction of the diaphragm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does an increase in thoracic volume have on intra-pulmonary pressure during inspiration?

    <p>It decreases the intra-pulmonary pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The intercostal muscles play a role in both inspiration and expiration.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Functional Residual Capacity (FRC) include?

    <p>Expiratory Reserve Volume and Residual Volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Vital Capacity (VC) is the total volume of air in the lungs after a forced expiration.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primary sites are responsible for the exchange of gases?

    <p>Alveoli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The total volume of air accommodated in the lungs at the end of a forced inspiration is called _____ capacity.

    <p>Total Lung</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gas's pressure is represented as pO2?

    <p>Oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The pressure contributed by an individual gas in a mixture of gases is termed total pressure.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following gases with their corresponding partial pressures in the alveoli:

    <p>O2 = 104 mm Hg CO2 = 40 mm Hg O2 in Tissues = 40 mm Hg CO2 in Blood = 45 mm Hg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average number of breaths per minute for a healthy human?

    <p>12-16</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The exchange of gases occurs between _____ and tissues.

    <p>blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Tidal volume (TV) is approximately 500 mL.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the additional volume of air that can be inspired called?

    <p>Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The volume of air remaining in the lungs after a forcible expiration is called _____ volume.

    <p>residual</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is included in the Inspiratory Capacity (IC)?

    <p>Tidal Volume and Inspiratory Reserve Volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) averages between 500 mL to 600 mL.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What device is used to estimate the volume of air in breathing movements?

    <p>spirometer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the respiratory volumes with their correct approximate values:

    <p>Tidal Volume = 500 mL Inspiratory Reserve Volume = 2500-3000 mL Expiratory Reserve Volume = 1000-1100 mL Residual Volume = 1100-1200 mL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main component that carries oxygen in the blood?

    <p>Haemoglobin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The total thickness of the diffusion membrane is more than a millimetre.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many molecules of O2 can one haemoglobin molecule bind?

    <p>Four</p> Signup and view all the answers

    About ___ percent of CO2 is transported by red blood cells.

    <p>20-25</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor primarily influences the binding of oxygen to haemoglobin?

    <p>Partial pressure of O2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following percentages with their corresponding method of transport for CO2:

    <p>20-25% = Transported by RBCs 70% = Carried as bicarbonate 7% = Dissolved in plasma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    CO2 is more soluble than O2.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is formed when O2 binds with haemoglobin?

    <p>Oxyhaemoglobin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the respiratory system?

    <p>Exchanging oxygen and carbon dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Inspiration involves the release of alveolar air.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two muscles responsible for breathing?

    <p>Intercostals and diaphragm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Oxygen is primarily transported in the blood as __________.

    <p>oxyhaemoglobin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following components with their roles in respiration:

    <p>Diaphragm = Muscle facilitating inhalation Alveoli = Site of gas exchange Carbonic anhydrase = Enzyme converting CO2 to bicarbonate Medulla = Controls respiratory rhythm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is vital capacity?

    <p>Air that can be forcibly exhaled after max inhalation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The exchange of O2 and CO2 at the tissues and alveoli occurs through diffusion.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Approximately 70% of carbon dioxide is transported as __________ in the blood.

    <p>bicarbonate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of respiration do terrestrial arthropods and molluscs primarily use?

    <p>Pulmonary respiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fish utilize lungs for respiration.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do the external nostrils lead to in the human respiratory system?

    <p>Nasal chamber</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The structure that prevents food from entering the larynx during swallowing is called the __________.

    <p>epiglottis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct sequence of air passage through the human respiratory system?

    <p>Nasal chamber → Pharynx → Larynx → Trachea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following components of the respiratory system with their functions:

    <p>Trachea = Conducts air to the bronchi Alveoli = Gas exchange surface Bronchi = Divides the trachea into two Larynx = Sound production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The lungs are covered by a single-layered pleura.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the vascularized bag-like structures called where gas exchange occurs in the lungs?

    <p>Alveoli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of oxygen is transported by red blood cells in the blood?

    <p>97%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The total thickness of the diffusion membrane is less than a millimeter.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the form of carbon dioxide that accounts for approximately 70% of its transport in the blood?

    <p>bicarbonate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Each hemoglobin molecule can carry a maximum of _____ molecules of O2.

    <p>four</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following gases with their solubility in relation to oxygen:

    <p>CO2 = 20-25 times higher O2 = Lower solubility Bicarbonate = Form of CO2 transport Oxyhemoglobin = Form of O2 transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the intra-pulmonary pressure during inspiration?

    <p>It decreases below atmospheric pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily influences the binding of oxygen to hemoglobin?

    <p>Partial pressure of O2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    About 3% of O2 is carried in a dissolved state through the plasma.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name the muscle that is primarily responsible for initiating inspiration.

    <p>diaphragm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The contraction of the external intercostal muscles causes an increase in the volume of the thoracic chamber in the __________ axis.

    <p>dorso-ventral</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscles work together to create the pressure gradient necessary for breathing?

    <p>Diaphragm and external intercostals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the function with the corresponding phase of breathing:

    <p>Inspiration = Air is drawn into the lungs Expiration = Air is released from the lungs Diaphragm contraction = Increases thoracic volume Intercostal muscles = Facilitate rib movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factors influence the rate of diffusion for gases in the lungs?

    <p>Solubility of the gases and thickness of membranes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Relaxation of the diaphragm decreases thoracic volume, resulting in expiration.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Functional Residual Capacity (FRC) includes only the expiratory reserve volume (ERV).

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of an increase in pulmonary volume during inspiration?

    <p>Decreased intra-pulmonary pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the total volume of air that can be accommodated in the lungs after a forced inspiration?

    <p>Total Lung Capacity (TLC)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The exchange of gases primarily occurs in the __________ of the lungs.

    <p>alveoli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following gas exchange terms with their definitions:

    <p>pO2 = Partial pressure of oxygen pCO2 = Partial pressure of carbon dioxide Diffusion = Movement of gases from high to low concentration Concentration gradient = Difference in concentrations across a space</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true regarding carbon dioxide (CO2) transportation?

    <p>About 70% of CO2 is transported as bicarbonate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Oxygen (O2) is mostly transported in the blood dissolved in plasma.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum volume of air a person can breathe in after a forced expiration known as?

    <p>Vital Capacity (VC)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does high pO2 have in the alveoli?

    <p>Formation of oxyhemoglobin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The dissociation of oxygen from hemoglobin occurs in the lungs where pO2 is low.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary form in which carbon dioxide is transported in the blood?

    <p>Bicarbonate (HCO3-)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At the tissue site, where partial pressure of CO2 is ____ due to catabolism, CO2 diffuses into blood.

    <p>high</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following conditions with their effects on oxygen and carbon dioxide transport:

    <p>High pO2 = Formation of oxyhemoglobin High pCO2 = Increased binding of CO2 Low pO2 = Dissociation of oxygen from hemoglobin Low pCO2 = Dissociation of CO2 from carbamino-hemoglobin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How much O2 can 100 ml of oxygenated blood deliver to the tissues under normal physiological conditions?

    <p>5 ml</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The enzyme carbonic anhydrase facilitates the reaction that converts CO2 and water to bicarbonate.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of CO2 is carried by hemoglobin as carbamino-haemoglobin?

    <p>20-25 percent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary gas transport form of oxygen in the blood?

    <p>Oxyhaemoglobin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Carbon dioxide is primarily transported as bicarbonate in the blood.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which specialized muscles assist in the process of breathing?

    <p>Intercostals and diaphragm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide at the tissues occurs mainly through __________.

    <p>diffusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following respiratory terms with their descriptions:

    <p>Inspiration = Taking air into the lungs Expiration = Releasing air from the lungs Vital Capacity = Total volume of air inhaled and exhaled Respiratory Rhythm = Regulated by the respiratory centre</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors influences the rate of diffusion of gases?

    <p>Thickness of the diffusion surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Oxygen is bound to hemoglobin in the tissues where the partial pressure of oxygen is high.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the pneumotaxic centre play in respiration?

    <p>It alters the respiratory mechanism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure did Alfonso Corti describe that is responsible for converting sound vibrations into nerve impulses?

    <p>Organ of Corti</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Breathing is the process of exchanging oxygen with carbon monoxide produced by the cells.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the harmful gas released during catabolic reactions in the body?

    <p>carbon dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lower invertebrates exchange O2 and CO2 by __________ over their body surface.

    <p>diffusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following animals with their breathing mechanisms:

    <p>Sponges = Simple diffusion over the body surface Earthworms = Moist cuticle Insects = Tracheal tubes Mammals = Lungs and diaphragm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements best describes the function of the respiratory system?

    <p>It facilitates the exchange of gases between the body and the atmosphere.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Alfonso Corti's studies were initially focused on the respiratory system.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what year did Alfonso Corti publish his paper on the organ of Corti?

    <p>1851</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What components are included in Total Lung Capacity (TLC)?

    <p>Residual Volume, Expiratory Reserve Volume, Tidal Volume and Inspiratory Reserve Volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary sites of gas exchange in the body are the alveoli.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the volume of air that remains in the lungs after a normal expiration called?

    <p>Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The total volume of air a person can breathe in after a forced expiration is known as __________.

    <p>Vital Capacity (VC)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor does NOT influence the rate of gas diffusion?

    <p>Ambient temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Partial pressure of oxygen is represented as pCO2.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Gas exchange primarily occurs through __________ diffusion.

    <p>simple</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initiates the process of inspiration?

    <p>Contraction of diaphragm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the external intercostal muscles during inspiration?

    <p>They lift the ribs and sternum, increasing thoracic volume.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During expiration, the diaphragm and intercostal muscles _____ to reduce thoracic volume.

    <p>relax</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following stages of breathing with their descriptions:

    <p>Inspiration = Air is drawn into the lungs Expiration = Air is expelled from the lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The relaxation of the diaphragm causes an increase in the thoracic volume.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is created to allow breathing to occur?

    <p>Pressure gradient between the lungs and atmosphere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary structure used for gas exchange in aquatic arthropods and molluscs?

    <p>Gills</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Amphibians can respire through their skin in addition to using lungs.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure prevents food from entering the larynx during swallowing?

    <p>Epiglottis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary function of the larynx is __________.

    <p>sound production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following respiratory structures with their functions:

    <p>Trachea = Conducts air to the bronchi Alveoli = Site of gas exchange Bronchi = Branches from the trachea Pleura = Reduces friction in the lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which respiratory structure divides into right and left primary bronchi?

    <p>Trachea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The pleura consists of a single layer surrounding the lungs.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of incomplete cartilaginous rings in the respiratory system?

    <p>To provide structural support to the trachea and bronchi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of oxygen is dissolved in plasma?

    <p>3%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    CO2 is less soluble than O2 in blood.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What component of red blood cells binds with oxygen?

    <p>Haemoglobin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    About ____ percent of CO2 is transported as bicarbonate in the blood.

    <p>70</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following gases with their corresponding solubility levels:

    <p>O2 = Less soluble CO2 = More soluble</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor does NOT interfere with the binding of oxygen to haemoglobin?

    <p>Carbon monoxide presence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The diffusion membrane's total thickness is greater than a millimetre.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many molecules of oxygen can one haemoglobin molecule carry?

    <p>Four</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the respiratory rhythm centre located in the medulla?

    <p>Controlling the respiratory rhythm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The pneumotaxic centre located in the pons can increase the duration of inspiration.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is characterized by inflammation of the bronchi and bronchioles, causing wheezing?

    <p>Asthma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Every 100 ml of deoxygenated blood delivers approximately _____ ml of CO2 to the alveoli.

    <p>4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following respiratory disorders with their descriptions:

    <p>Asthma = Difficulty in breathing due to inflammation Emphysema = Damage to alveolar walls Occupational Respiratory Disorders = Lung damage due to long-term exposure to dust Cigarette Smoking = A major cause of chronic respiratory issues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of substances can activate the chemosensitive area near the respiratory rhythm centre?

    <p>Carbon Dioxide and Hydrogen ions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Oxygen plays a major role in the regulation of respiratory rhythm.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common consequence of prolonged exposure to dust in certain industries?

    <p>Fibrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of oxygen (O2) in organisms?

    <p>To derive energy from compounds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Carbon dioxide (CO2) is beneficial for cells and does not need to be removed.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure did Alfonso Corti discover that is involved in the auditory system?

    <p>Organ of Corti</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process of exchanging oxygen and carbon dioxide in living organisms is known as __________.

    <p>breathing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following respiratory organs with their primary functions:

    <p>Tracheal tubes = Transport atmospheric air in insects Cuticle = Moist surface for gas exchange in earthworms Basilar membrane = Location of the Organ of Corti Lungs = Primary organ for gas exchange in mammals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following groups of animals primarily relies on diffusion for gas exchange?

    <p>Lower invertebrates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The organ of Corti is responsible for converting sound vibrations into nerve impulses.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure is primarily used for gas exchange in most aquatic arthropods?

    <p>Gills</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Amphibians are the only vertebrates that can respire through their skin.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the cartilaginous flap that prevents food from entering the larynx during swallowing?

    <p>epiglottis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fishes primarily use __________ for respiration.

    <p>gills</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of respiration do terrestrial forms like mammals primarily use?

    <p>Pulmonary respiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The human respiratory system can be described as including a single-layered pleura covering the lungs.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Identify one function of the nasal chamber in the human respiratory system.

    <p>Air passage and filtration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the volume of air inspired or expired during a normal respiration known as?

    <p>Tidal Volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The average healthy adult breathes 16-20 times per minute.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What device is primarily used to estimate breathing volumes?

    <p>spirometer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The additional volume of air a person can expire by forcible expiration is called _____ Volume.

    <p>Expiratory Reserve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the respiratory volumes with their approximate values:

    <p>Tidal Volume (TV) = 500 mL Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) = 2500-3000 mL Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) = 1000-1100 mL Residual Volume (RV) = 1100-1200 mL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the total volume of air a person can inspire after a normal expiration called?

    <p>Inspiratory Capacity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Residual Volume (RV) is the volume of air released from the lungs during forced expiration.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average range for Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)?

    <p>1000 mL to 1100 mL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during the process of expiration?

    <p>Intra-pulmonary pressure rises above atmospheric pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The contraction of the diaphragm decreases the volume of the thoracic chamber.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name the muscles that assist in the process of inspiration.

    <p>Diaphragm and external intercostal muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During inspiration, the diaphragm contracts and pulls down, resulting in an increase in ______ pressure which draws air into the lungs.

    <p>intra-pulmonary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following actions with their respective anatomical effects during breathing:

    <p>Diaphragm contraction = Increases thoracic volume External intercostal contraction = Lifts ribs and sternum Diaphragm relaxation = Decreases thoracic volume Internal intercostal contraction = Aids in expiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the role of the diaphragm during breathing?

    <p>It contracts to increase thoracic volume.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The relaxation of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles leads to a decrease in intra-pulmonary pressure.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main effect of increasing thoracic volume during inspiration?

    <p>Decreases intra-pulmonary pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Total Lung Capacity (TLC) include?

    <p>Residual Volume, Tidal Volume, Expiratory Reserve Volume, Inspiratory Reserve Volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Carbon dioxide is exchanged from the blood to the alveoli primarily through active transport.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary site for gas exchange in the respiratory system?

    <p>Alveoli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The volume of air remaining in the lungs after a normal expiration is called __________.

    <p>Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the gases with their corresponding partial pressures in the lungs:

    <p>O2 in alveoli = 104 mm Hg CO2 in arteries = 40 mm Hg O2 in tissues = 40 mm Hg CO2 in alveoli = 40 mm Hg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors can affect the rate of gas diffusion?

    <p>Concentration gradient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Partial pressure for a gas is defined as the total pressure exerted by the mixture of gases.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum volume of air that a person can breathe in after a forced expiration called?

    <p>Vital Capacity (VC)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The respiratory rhythm is maintained by the cerebellum region of the brain.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does carbonic anhydrase play in carbon dioxide transport?

    <p>It helps convert carbon dioxide to bicarbonate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into the __________ blood.

    <p>deoxygenated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms related to respiration with their correct descriptions:

    <p>Inspiration = Taking air into the lungs Expiration = Releasing air from the lungs Cellular respiration = Utilization of oxygen by cells Alveoli = Site for gas exchange</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor does NOT influence the rate of diffusion of gases?

    <p>Temperature of the bloodstream</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Carbon dioxide is primarily transported in the blood as carbonic acid.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain the significance of vital capacity in respiratory health.

    <p>Vital capacity measures the maximum amount of air that can be exhaled after a maximum inhalation, indicating lung health.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure did Alfonso Corti discover that is essential for converting sound vibrations into nerve impulses?

    <p>Organ of Corti</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Breathing is the process of exchanging oxygen with carbon monoxide in the body.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which year did Alfonso Corti publish his noteworthy paper?

    <p>1851</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lower invertebrates exchange gases through simple __________.

    <p>diffusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following respiratory methods with the organisms that use them:

    <p>Sponges = Simple diffusion Earthworms = Moist cuticle Insects = Tracheal tubes Mammals = Lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following gases is produced as a waste product during catabolic reactions?

    <p>Carbon dioxide (CO2)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary gas that organisms need to break down molecules for energy?

    <p>Oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All animals have the same mechanism of breathing.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the conducting part of the respiratory system?

    <p>Transporting atmospheric air to the alveoli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The alveoli are responsible for transporting atmospheric air to the body.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the diffusion of gases (O2 and CO2) across the alveolar membrane?

    <p>Gas exchange</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The part of the respiratory system that humidifies air and brings it to body temperature is known as the __________.

    <p>conducting part</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following components of the respiratory system with their primary functions:

    <p>Alveoli = Gas exchange Bronchioles = Air passage to alveoli Pleural membranes = Protect lung surfaces Diaphragm = Muscle for breathing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes the thoracic chamber?

    <p>An airtight chamber</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Respiration includes both the inhalation of oxygen and the exhalation of carbon dioxide.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name the muscle responsible for the change in thoracic volume during inspiration.

    <p>Diaphragm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during expiration?

    <p>Intra-pulmonary pressure is higher than atmospheric pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During inspiration, the volume of the thoracic chamber decreases.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name the primary muscle that initiates inspiration.

    <p>Diaphragm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Expiration occurs when the intra-pulmonary pressure is _________ than the atmospheric pressure.

    <p>higher</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following actions with their respective stages of breathing:

    <p>Diaphragm contracts = Inspiration Intra-pulmonary pressure increases = Expiration Ribs are lifted = Inspiration Diaphragm relaxes = Expiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which set of muscles assists in changing the volume of the thoracic cavity during breathing?

    <p>External and internal intercostal muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Air moves into the lungs when the thoracic volume decreases.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to thoracic volume during inspiration?

    <p>It increases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition favors the formation of oxyhaemoglobin?

    <p>High pO2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Carbon dioxide is transported by haemoglobin primarily as carbamino-haemoglobin.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What enzyme catalyzes the conversion of CO2 and H2O to H2CO3 in red blood cells?

    <p>carbonic anhydrase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the tissues, conditions are favorable for the ________ of oxygen from oxyhaemoglobin.

    <p>dissociation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their corresponding functions:

    <p>Oxyhaemoglobin = Transport of oxygen Carbamino-haemoglobin = Transport of carbon dioxide Carbonic anhydrase = Facilitates reaction between CO2 and H2O HCO3- = Buffering agent in blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which condition does the binding of carbon dioxide to haemoglobin increase?

    <p>Low pO2 and high pCO2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the respiratory rhythm centre in the brain?

    <p>To maintain and moderate the respiratory rhythm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The enzyme carbonic anhydrase is present only in the plasma, not in red blood cells.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The role of oxygen is significant in the regulation of respiratory rhythm.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What chronic disorder is characterized by damage to alveolar walls?

    <p>Emphysema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Every 100 ml of oxygenated blood can deliver around ____ ml of O2 to the tissues.

    <p>5</p> Signup and view all the answers

    CO2 is transported in the blood primarily as __________.

    <p>bicarbonate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following respiratory disorders with their characteristics:

    <p>Asthma = Difficulty in breathing and wheezing Emphysema = Damage to alveolar walls Occupational Respiratory Disorders = Lung damage due to long exposure to dust Bronchitis = Inflammation of the bronchial tubes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure in the brain can moderate the functions of the respiratory rhythm centre?

    <p>Pneumotaxic centre</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Inhalation increases the levels of CO2 in the alveoli.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one receptor that helps in recognizing changes in CO2 concentration.

    <p>carotid artery receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which gases are exchanged at the alveoli?

    <p>Diffusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Carbon dioxide is mainly transported in blood as carbamino-haemoglobin.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the respiratory centre in the medulla?

    <p>It maintains the respiratory rhythm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The majority of oxygen in the blood is transported as __________.

    <p>oxyhaemoglobin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following respiratory components with their associated functions:

    <p>Diaphragm = Inspiration Intercostal muscles = Expansion and contraction of the thoracic cavity Alveoli = Gas exchange Carbonic anhydrase = Conversion of CO2 to bicarbonate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is NOT a determinant for the rate of diffusion of gases?

    <p>Presence of surfactants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2) is higher in the tissues than in the alveoli.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define vital capacity and its significance.

    <p>Vital capacity is the maximum amount of air a person can expel from the lungs after a maximum inhalation. It is significant for assessing lung health and respiratory efficiency.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure is primarily used for gas exchange in fish?

    <p>Gills</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Amphibians, like frogs, can only respire through their lungs.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the epiglottis in the human respiratory system?

    <p>To prevent food from entering the larynx.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Gas exchange in humans primarily occurs in the __________.

    <p>alveoli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following parts of the respiratory system with their functions:

    <p>Nasal Chamber = Filters and humidifies air Trachea = Conducts air to the bronchi Bronchi = Branches into smaller airways Alveoli = Site of gas exchange</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the respiratory system is often referred to as the 'sound box'?

    <p>Larynx</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Humans have three lungs.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of pleural fluid between the two layers of pleura in the lungs?

    <p>To reduce friction on the lung surface.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the role of the conducting part of the respiratory system?

    <p>Transports and conditions air</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The thoracic cavity is completely open to the atmosphere.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the process that involves the exchange of gases between blood and tissues?

    <p>Diffusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The diaphragm is a _____ shaped muscle that plays a crucial role in respiration.

    <p>dome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which action primarily causes air to move into the lungs during inspiration?

    <p>Decreased intra-thoracic pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The lungs are located in the cervical cavity.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the pleural fluid?

    <p>Lubrication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average tidal volume (TV) for a healthy adult?

    <p>500 mL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The residual volume (RV) is the total volume of air a person can expire after a normal inspiration.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following respiratory volumes with their approximate values:

    <p>Tidal Volume = 500 mL Inspiratory Reserve Volume = 2500 - 3000 mL Expiratory Reserve Volume = 1000 - 1100 mL Residual Volume = 1100 - 1200 mL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many times does an average healthy human breathe in a minute?

    <p>12-16 times</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What device is commonly used to estimate the volume of air in breathing movements?

    <p>Spirometer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The inspiratory capacity includes tidal volume and respiratory reserve volume.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the total lung capacity (TLC)?

    <p>Total volume of air after forced inspiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2) in the alveoli is lower than in the blood.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factors affect the rate of gas diffusion in the alveoli?

    <p>Solubility of gases and thickness of the membranes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ is the maximum volume of air that can be breathed in after a forced expiration.

    <p>Vital Capacity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the terms related to lung volumes with their definitions:

    <p>Tidal Volume = Volume of air inhaled or exhaled during normal breathing Residual Volume = Volume of air remaining after forced expiration Expiratory Reserve Volume = Volume of air that can be forcibly exhaled after a normal expiration Inspiratory Reserve Volume = Volume of air that can be inhaled after a normal inspiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gas has a higher partial pressure in deoxygenated blood compared to alveoli?

    <p>Carbon Dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Oxygen is primarily transported in the blood dissolved in plasma.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the concentration gradient influence gas exchange in the alveoli?

    <p>It drives the diffusion of oxygen from the alveoli to the blood and carbon dioxide from the blood to the alveoli.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The role of oxygen in regulating respiratory rhythm is highly significant.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main cause of emphysema?

    <p>Cigarette smoking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Increase in pCO2 and hydrogen ions signals the rhythm centre to make necessary adjustments in respiratory processes, primarily to eliminate __________.

    <p>CO2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the respiratory disorders with their characteristics:

    <p>Asthma = Wheezing and breathing difficulty due to inflammation Emphysema = Chronic disorder leading to decreased respiratory surface Occupational Respiratory Disorders = Fibrosis due to dust exposure Cigarette Smoking = Major cause of lung damage and emphysema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How much CO2 does every 100 ml of deoxygenated blood deliver to the alveoli?

    <p>4 ml</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What area of the brain adjusts the duration of inspiration?

    <p>Pneumotaxic centre</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fibrosis is a condition characterized by the proliferation of fibrous tissues in response to lung damage.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors does NOT influence the rate of diffusion of gases in the body?

    <p>Temperature of the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The majority of carbon dioxide is transported in the blood as dissolved gas.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily maintains the respiratory rhythm in humans?

    <p>The respiratory centre in the medulla region of the brain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of carbon dioxide is carried by haemoglobin as carbamino-haemoglobin?

    <p>20-25%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their associated descriptions.

    <p>Vital capacity = Total volume of air in the lungs after a forced expiration Inspiratory capacity = Total amount of air inhaled after a normal expiration Expiratory reserve volume = Additional air that can be forcibly exhaled Tidal volume = Volume of air breathed in or out during normal breathing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Diffusion of O2 occurs from areas of lower to higher partial pressure in the respiratory system.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Identify the two specialized muscles that assist in breathing.

    <p>Intercostals and diaphragm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure on the basilar membrane of the cochlea contains hair cells that convert sound vibrations into nerve impulses?

    <p>Organ of Corti</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Breathing refers to the process of taking in carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which year did Alfonso Corti publish his major paper on the auditory system?

    <p>1851</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Earthworms exchange gases through their moist __________.

    <p>cuticle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following animal groups with their gas exchange mechanisms:

    <p>Sponges = Simple diffusion over body surface Earthworms = Moist cuticle Insects = Tracheal tubes Reptiles = Lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gas is utilized by organisms to derive energy from simple molecules during cellular respiration?

    <p>Oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Carbon dioxide, produced during cellular respiration, is harmful and must be expelled from the body.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What year did Alfonso Corti die?

    <p>1888</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the inner pleural membrane?

    <p>To be in contact with the lung surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The thoracic chamber is formed by the rib cage, diaphragm, and vertebral column.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main parts of the respiratory system?

    <p>Conducting part and exchange part.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary component responsible for transporting oxygen in the blood?

    <p>Red blood cells (RBCs)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process through which gases are exchanged between blood and tissues is called __________.

    <p>diffusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following structures with their functions:

    <p>Trachea = Air passageway to the lungs Alveoli = Site of gas exchange Diaphragm = Muscle that aids in breathing Bronchi = Branches leading to each lung</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The diffusion membrane in gas exchange is more than a millimetre thick.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following does NOT occur during pulmonary ventilation?

    <p>Diffusion of gases at the alveoli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The lungs can independently change their volume without affecting the thoracic cavity.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Approximately ___ percent of carbon dioxide is transported as bicarbonate in the blood.

    <p>70</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor does NOT affect the binding of oxygen with haemoglobin?

    <p>Body mass index (BMI)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of pleural fluid?

    <p>To reduce friction between the pleural membranes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following percentages with their corresponding method of CO2 transport:

    <p>20-25% = Transported by RBCs 70% = Transported as bicarbonate 7% = Dissolved in plasma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum number of O2 molecules that each haemoglobin molecule can carry?

    <p>Four</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of respiration do most aquatic arthropods and molluscs primarily use?

    <p>Branchial respiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Amphibians can respire through their skin as well as their lungs.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the flap that prevents food from entering the larynx during swallowing?

    <p>epiglottis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The bronchi divide into secondary and tertiary bronchi, eventually leading to thin terminal ______.

    <p>bronchioles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the structures with their functions:

    <p>Nasal chamber = Passage for air Trachea = Airway to lungs Alveoli = Gas exchange Larynx = Sound production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of the pleural fluid in the lungs?

    <p>Reducing friction on the lung surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the vascularised bag-like structures in the lungs responsible for gas exchange called?

    <p>alveoli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The trachea is supported by complete cartilaginous rings.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is included in the calculation of Total Lung Capacity (TLC)?

    <p>Tidal Volume (TV), Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV), Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV), and Residual Volume (RV)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Gas exchange occurs primarily in the trachea.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the maximum volume of air a person can breathe in after a forced expiration?

    <p>Vital Capacity (VC)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The volume of air that remains in the lungs following a normal expiration is called __________.

    <p>Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following gases with their relevant partial pressures in the alveoli:

    <p>O2 = 104 mm Hg CO2 = 40 mm Hg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Oxygen pressure (pO2) is highest in the tissues compared to the alveoli.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the gradient for CO2 diffusion in relation to the blood and tissues?

    <p>From tissues to blood and blood to alveoli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary condition for the formation of oxyhaemoglobin in the alveoli?

    <p>Low pCO2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    CO2 is primarily transported in the blood as bicarbonate (HCO3-).

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does high pCO2 and low pO2 have on carbon dioxide binding to haemoglobin?

    <p>Increased binding of carbon dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When oxygen binds with haemoglobin, it forms __________.

    <p>oxyhaemoglobin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does carbonic anhydrase play in the blood?

    <p>Catalyzes the conversion of CO2 and water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following conditions with their related effects on oxygen binding:

    <p>High pO2 = Oxygen binding increases High CO2 levels = Oxygen binding decreases Low pH (high H+ concentration) = Oxygen binding decreases High temperature = Oxygen binding decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Haemoglobin carries approximately 80% of carbon dioxide as carbamino-haemoglobin.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In tissues with low pO2, haemoglobin releases __________ from oxyhaemoglobin.

    <p>oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure is located on the basilar membrane of the cochlea and is involved in hearing?

    <p>Organ of Corti</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Alfonso Corti primarily studied the respiratory system.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What gas is continuously supplied to the cells for energy production?

    <p>oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process of exchanging oxygen and carbon dioxide is known as __________.

    <p>breathing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following organisms with their method of gas exchange:

    <p>Sponges = Simple diffusion over body surface Earthworms = Moist cuticle respiration Insects = Tracheal tubes for gas transport Fish = Gills for oxygen extraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following gases is primarily harmful and is released during catabolic reactions?

    <p>Carbon Dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The organ of Corti was discovered in 1851.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which year did Alfonso Corti pass away?

    <p>1888</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of the conducting part of the respiratory system?

    <p>To transport and condition the air</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The thoracic chamber is anatomically an airtight chamber.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the diaphragm during respiration?

    <p>The diaphragm contracts and relaxes to change the thoracic cavity volume, facilitating breathing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The diffusion of gases occurs across the __________ membrane.

    <p>alveolar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the respiratory process with its description:

    <p>Breathing = Intake and expulsion of air Diffusion = Gas exchange between alveoli and blood Transport = Transport of gases via bloodstream Utilization = Cellular use of oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the pulmonary volume during inhalation?

    <p>It increases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cellular respiration involves the uptake of oxygen and the production of carbon dioxide.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the alveoli in the respiratory system?

    <p>The alveoli are the primary site for gas exchange between the air and blood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Residual Volume (RV) is the volume of air that is expelled from the lungs after a forcible expiration.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The total volume of air a person can inspire after a normal expiration is known as __________ capacity.

    <p>Inspiratory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate volume of Tidal Volume (TV)?

    <p>500 mL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following represents the additional volume of air that can be forcibly expired?

    <p>Expiratory Reserve Volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the sum of Tidal Volume (TV) and Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) called?

    <p>Inspiratory Capacity (IC)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the respiratory rhythm centre?

    <p>To regulate the respiratory rhythm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The role of oxygen is highly significant in regulating respiratory rhythm.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is characterized by wheezing and difficulty in breathing due to inflammation of bronchi and bronchioles?

    <p>Asthma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    CO2 is carried as bicarbonate primarily from the __________ to the alveoli.

    <p>tissue level</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the brain is responsible for moderating the functions of the respiratory rhythm centre?

    <p>Pons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The body’s defense mechanism can be overwhelmed in industries with excessive __________, leading to lung damage.

    <p>dust</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The chemosensitive area near the respiratory rhythm centre is not sensitive to CO2 and hydrogen ions.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary form in which oxygen is transported in the blood?

    <p>Oxyhemoglobin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Expiration occurs when intra-pulmonary pressure is higher than atmospheric pressure.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process involves the exchange of gases between the alveoli and blood?

    <p>Diffusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The muscles primarily responsible for breathing are the __________ and __________.

    <p>intercostals, diaphragm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor does NOT affect the rate of diffusion of gases?

    <p>Emotional state</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Air moves into the lungs during inspiration due to a decrease in intra-pulmonary pressure created by __________ and __________.

    <p>contraction of the diaphragm; external intercostal muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Nearly 70 percent of carbon dioxide is transported as bicarbonate ions in the blood.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of carbonic anhydrase in the transport of carbon dioxide?

    <p>It helps convert carbon dioxide into bicarbonate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The relaxation of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles results in an increase in thoracic volume.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the diaphragm during the breathing process?

    <p>To increase the volume of the thoracic cavity for inspiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the organ of Corti primarily responsible for?

    <p>Converting sound vibrations into nerve impulses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a beneficial product released during catabolic reactions.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of gas exchange in lower invertebrates?

    <p>Simple diffusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Alfonso Corti was an anatomist who made significant contributions to the study of the __________ system.

    <p>auditory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following gases with their typical properties in respiration:

    <p>Oxygen (O2) = Used to produce energy Carbon dioxide (CO2) = Byproduct of cellular respiration Nitrogen (N2) = Inert gas in the respiratory process Water vapor (H2O) = Component of exhaled air</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following organisms uses tracheal tubes for gas exchange?

    <p>Insects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process of breathing entails the exchange of O2 from the atmosphere with CO2 produced by the cells.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What year did Alfonso Corti publish his paper describing the organ of Corti?

    <p>1851</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is included in the calculation of Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)?

    <p>Expiratory Reserve Volume and Residual Volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary sites of gas exchange are the bronchi.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the partial pressure of oxygen from the alveoli to the blood?

    <p>It decreases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Total Lung Capacity (TLC) is equal to _____ volume plus _____ volume.

    <p>vital, residual</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following gases with their corresponding partial pressures in tissues:

    <p>O2 = 40 mm Hg CO2 = 45 mm Hg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the solubility of gases affect the rate of diffusion?

    <p>More soluble gases diffuse faster.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The exchange of gases from tissues to blood occurs primarily through active transport.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the volume of air remaining in the lungs after a forced expiration called?

    <p>Residual Volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures is primarily responsible for gas exchange in the lungs?

    <p>Alveoli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The epiglottis prevents air from entering the digestive system during swallowing.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of respiration do amphibians like frogs use besides lungs?

    <p>Cutaneous respiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Terrestrial forms primarily use ______ for gas exchange.

    <p>lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following are two types of respiration used by different organisms?

    <p>Branchial and pulmonary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method of oxygen transport in the blood?

    <p>As oxyhaemoglobin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The exchange of gases at the alveoli occurs primarily through active transport.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do intercostal muscles play in respiration?

    <p>They assist in changing the volume of the thoracic cavity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Carbon dioxide is primarily transported in the blood as __________ (HCO3-).

    <p>bicarbonate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following respiratory processes with their descriptions:

    <p>Inspiration = Taking in atmospheric air Expiration = Releasing alveolar air Diffusion = Movement of gases from high to low concentration Cellular respiration = Utilization of O2 by cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of the respiratory system is responsible for maintaining respiratory rhythm?

    <p>Medulla</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide significantly affect their diffusion rates.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What conditions favor the binding of oxygen to hemoglobin?

    <p>High pO2, low pCO2, and low H+ concentration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Oxygen dissociates from hemoglobin in the alveoli due to high pO2.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is vital capacity in the context of respiratory function?

    <p>The maximum amount of air that can be exhaled after a maximum inhalation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What molecule do red blood cells primarily use to transport oxygen?

    <p>Hemoglobin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The enzyme that facilitates the conversion of CO2 and H2O to bicarbonate in red blood cells is called __________.

    <p>carbonic anhydrase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following factors with their effect on oxygen binding:

    <p>High pCO2 = Promotes dissociation of oxygen from hemoglobin Low pO2 = Promotes dissociation of oxygen from hemoglobin Low temperature = Promotes binding of oxygen to hemoglobin High H+ concentration = Promotes dissociation of oxygen from hemoglobin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of carbon dioxide is carried as carbamino-haemoglobin?

    <p>20-25%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Carbon dioxide binds to hemoglobin more readily when pO2 is low.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to carbon dioxide when it reaches the alveoli?

    <p>Dissociates from carbamino-haemoglobin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The residual volume (RV) is the volume of air expelled from the lungs after a forcible expiration.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the additional volume of air that can be inspired with a forcible inspiration?

    <p>Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The total volume of air a person can expire after a normal inspiration is called __________ capacity.

    <p>Expiratory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following respiratory volumes/capacities with their approximate values:

    <p>Tidal Volume (TV) = 500 mL Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) = 2500-3000 mL Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) = 1000-1100 mL Residual Volume (RV) = 1100-1200 mL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What device is commonly used to estimate the volume of air involved in breathing?

    <p>Spirometer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A healthy adult breathes on average 8-10 times per minute.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which respiratory structure is primarily used by fish?

    <p>Gills</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Amphibians can only respire through their lungs.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the epiglottis during swallowing?

    <p>To prevent the entry of food into the larynx.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The trachea divides into the right and left __________ at the level of the 5th thoracic vertebra.

    <p>primary bronchi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the respiratory structures with their corresponding functions:

    <p>Gills = Aquatic gas exchange Lungs = Terrestrial gas exchange Alveoli = Gas exchange surface area Epiglottis = Prevents food entry into the trachea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of pleural fluid?

    <p>To reduce friction on the lung surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The larynx is primarily involved in gas exchange.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of respiration occurs through the skin in some amphibians?

    <p>Cutaneous respiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure did Alfonso Corti discover that is essential for hearing?

    <p>Organ of Corti</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Earthworms exchange gases through their moist skin.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During respiration, oxygen (O2) is exchanged for __________ produced by the cells.

    <p>carbon dioxide (CO2)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following organisms with their gas exchange methods:

    <p>Sponges = Simple diffusion over body surface Insects = Tracheal tubes Earthworms = Moist cuticle Fish = Gills</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What harmful substance is released during the catabolic reactions in cells?

    <p>Carbon dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Alfonso Corti is known for his research on the digestive system.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures is part of the conducting portion of the respiratory system?

    <p>Terminal bronchioles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The diaphragm is a muscle that decreases the thoracic volume during respiration.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process called by which oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged at the alveolar membrane?

    <p>Diffusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The hollow space surrounded by the ribs, diaphragm, and vertebral column is known as the __________.

    <p>thoracic cavity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match each component of the respiratory system with its primary role:

    <p>Alveoli = Gas exchange Diaphragm = Breathing mechanism Bronchi = Air passage Pleural membranes = Protection and lubrication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What gas is primarily utilized by cells for catabolic reactions?

    <p>Oxygen (O2)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Inspiration involves the expulsion of CO2-rich air from the lungs.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What component of the respiratory system clears the air of foreign particles?

    <p>Conducting part</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Inspiration relies on the relaxation of the diaphragm.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the diaphragm during the process of breathing?

    <p>To increase the volume of the thoracic chamber during inspiration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following breathing actions with their corresponding outcomes:

    <p>Inspiration = Air enters the lungs Expiration = Air is expelled from the lungs Diaphragm contraction = Increased thoracic volume Diaphragm relaxation = Decreased thoracic volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscles contribute to the increase in the thoracic volume during inspiration?

    <p>External intercostal muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The contraction of the external intercostal muscles reduces the volume of the thoracic cavity.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pressure gradient required for inhalation?

    <p>The intra-pulmonary pressure must be less than the atmospheric pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The residual volume (RV) is the total volume of air a person can expire after a forcible expiration.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What device is used to estimate the volume of air involved in breathing movements?

    <p>spirometer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The additional volume of air a person can inspire by a forcible inspiration is called __________.

    <p>Inspiratory Reserve Volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following closely describes the Expiratory Capacity (EC)?

    <p>Total volume of air a person can expire after a normal inspiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A healthy human breathes between 12-16 times per minute on average.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition in the lungs favors the formation of oxyhaemoglobin?

    <p>High pO2, low pCO2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    CO2 binds more readily to hemoglobin when pO2 is high.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of carbonic anhydrase in red blood cells?

    <p>Facilitates the conversion of CO2 and H2O into bicarbonate and protons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor can cause the dissociation of oxygen from oxyhaemoglobin in tissues?

    <p>High H+ concentration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following components to their respective roles:

    <p>Oxyhaemoglobin = Oxygen transport Carbamino-haemoglobin = CO2 transport Carbonic anhydrase = Facilitates CO2 conversion HCO3- = Buffering blood pH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The binding of oxygen to hemoglobin is favored in acidic conditions.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to CO2 binding when pO2 levels are low?

    <p>Increases CO2 binding to hemoglobin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Respiratory System Overview

    • The human respiratory system facilitates gas exchange, taking in oxygen (O₂) and releasing carbon dioxide (CO₂).
    • Breathing, or pulmonary ventilation, involves drawing in air and releasing it.
    • Respiratory mechanisms vary among animals, depending on their habitats and organization level.
    • Lower invertebrates exchange gases through their entire body surface.
    • Earthworms use their moist cuticle.
    • Insects utilize tracheal tubes for gas transport.
    • Aquatic arthropods and molluscs utilize gills.
    • Terrestrial vertebrates use lungs.
    • Some amphibians respire through their skin (cutaneous respiration).

    Human Respiratory System

    • External nostrils lead to nasal chambers.
    • Nasal chambers connect to the pharynx, a common passage for food and air.
    • The pharynx opens into the larynx (voice box).
    • The larynx contains the epiglottis, a flap preventing food from entering the airway.
    • Trachea (windpipe) branches into two primary bronchi, leading to each lung.
    • Bronchi branch into finer bronchioles, ending in alveoli (air sacs).
    • Lungs are covered by a double-layered pleura, with pleural fluid to reduce friction during breathing.

    Respiratory Volumes and Capacities

    • Tidal Volume (TV): Air inhaled or exhaled during normal breathing (approximately 500 mL).
    • Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV): Extra air inhaled forcefully beyond normal inspiration (approximately 2500-3000 mL).
    • Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV): Extra air exhaled forcefully beyond normal expiration (approximately 1000-1100 mL).
    • Residual Volume (RV): Air remaining in the lungs after maximum exhalation (approximately 1100-1200 mL).
    • Inspiratory Capacity (IC): Total volume of air inhaled after normal exhalation (TV + IRV).
    • Expiratory Capacity (EC): Total volume of air exhaled after normal inhalation (TV + ERV).
    • Functional Residual Capacity (FRC): Air remaining in the lungs after normal exhalation (ERV + RV).
    • Vital Capacity (VC): Maximum volume of air that can be moved in and out of the lungs (IRV + TV + ERV).
    • Total Lung Capacity (TLC): The total volume of air the lungs can hold (VC + RV).

    Gas Exchange

    • Alveoli are the primary sites for gas exchange.
    • Gases diffuse across the thin alveolar and capillary membranes, driven by pressure differences.
    • O₂ diffuses from the alveoli into the blood, and CO₂ diffuses from the blood into the alveoli.
    • Partial pressure gradients are crucial for gas exchange.
    • Gas solubility and membrane thickness affect diffusion rates.

    Transport of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide

    • Most oxygen is transported bound to haemoglobin in red blood cells (oxyhaemoglobin).
    • Hemoglobin's oxygen binding affinity is affected by factors like partial pressure of oxygen, Carbon dioxide, hydrogen ions concentration and temperature.
    • A significant amount of carbon dioxide is transported as bicarbonate ions.
    • A smaller amount of carbon dioxide is carried by haemoglobin (carbaminohemoglobin).

    Regulation of Respiration

    • Breathing is primarily controlled by the respiratory rhythm centre in the medulla oblongata of the brain.
    • Chemoreceptors in the brain and blood vessels monitor oxygen and carbon dioxide levels, adjusting breathing rate accordingly.
    • Other centers in the brainstem also influence breathing.

    Respiratory Disorders

    • Asthma: Inflammation of the bronchi and bronchioles causing difficulty in breathing.
    • Emphysema: Damage to alveolar walls, reducing the surface area for gas exchange.
    • Other disorders: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and various lung infections.

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Related Documents

    Breathing & Exchange of Gases PDF

    Description

    Explore the essential functions and mechanisms of the human respiratory system, including gas exchange and the anatomical structures involved. This quiz also covers respiratory variations in different animal species and their adaptations for gas transport. Test your knowledge on the components that facilitate breathing and respiration across various organisms.

    More Like This

    Respiratory System: Mechanics of Breathing and Gas Exchange Quiz
    10 questions

    Respiratory System: Mechanics of Breathing and Gas Exchange Quiz

    PatriVenus avatar
    PatriVenus
    Respiratory System Overview
    12 questions

    Respiratory System Overview

    ProductiveChrysanthemum avatar
    ProductiveChrysanthemum
    Gas Exchange and Breathing Mechanics
    8 questions

    Gas Exchange and Breathing Mechanics

    LyricalNovaculite8618 avatar
    LyricalNovaculite8618
    Respiratory System Overview
    21 questions

    Respiratory System Overview

    AwedDaisy avatar
    AwedDaisy
    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser