NCERT -BREATHING AND EXCHANGE OF GASES - 24 - 25

What is the primary function of the conducting part of the respiratory system?

The pleural membranes have no contact with the thoracic cavity.

What is the dome-shaped muscle that forms the lower part of the thoracic cavity?

The process of gas exchange between blood and atmospheric air occurs in the __________.

Which of the following parts is NOT included in the conducting part of the respiratory system?

Match the following respiratory components with their functions:

Cellular respiration results in the release of oxygen (O2).

The thoracic cavity is formed laterally by the __________.

What muscle primarily initiates inspiration?

Expiration occurs when the intra-pulmonary pressure is lower than atmospheric pressure.

What causes air to move into the lungs during inspiration?

During expiration, the _____ and _____ muscles relax, leading to a decrease in thoracic volume.

Match the following terms with their definitions:

Which of the following actions occurs during inspiration?

What effect does an increase in thoracic volume have on intra-pulmonary pressure during inspiration?

The intercostal muscles play a role in both inspiration and expiration.

What does Functional Residual Capacity (FRC) include?

Vital Capacity (VC) is the total volume of air in the lungs after a forced expiration.

What primary sites are responsible for the exchange of gases?

The total volume of air accommodated in the lungs at the end of a forced inspiration is called _____ capacity.

Which gas's pressure is represented as pO2?

The pressure contributed by an individual gas in a mixture of gases is termed total pressure.

Match the following gases with their corresponding partial pressures in the alveoli:

What is the average number of breaths per minute for a healthy human?

The exchange of gases occurs between _____ and tissues.

Tidal volume (TV) is approximately 500 mL.

What is the additional volume of air that can be inspired called?

The volume of air remaining in the lungs after a forcible expiration is called _____ volume.

Which of the following is included in the Inspiratory Capacity (IC)?

The Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) averages between 500 mL to 600 mL.

What device is used to estimate the volume of air in breathing movements?

Match the respiratory volumes with their correct approximate values:

What is the main component that carries oxygen in the blood?

The total thickness of the diffusion membrane is more than a millimetre.

How many molecules of O2 can one haemoglobin molecule bind?

About ___ percent of CO2 is transported by red blood cells.

Which factor primarily influences the binding of oxygen to haemoglobin?

Match the following percentages with their corresponding method of transport for CO2:

CO2 is more soluble than O2.

What is formed when O2 binds with haemoglobin?

What is the primary function of the respiratory system?

Inspiration involves the release of alveolar air.

What are the two muscles responsible for breathing?

Oxygen is primarily transported in the blood as __________.

Match the following components with their roles in respiration:

What is vital capacity?

The exchange of O2 and CO2 at the tissues and alveoli occurs through diffusion.

Approximately 70% of carbon dioxide is transported as __________ in the blood.

What type of respiration do terrestrial arthropods and molluscs primarily use?

Fish utilize lungs for respiration.

Where do the external nostrils lead to in the human respiratory system?

The structure that prevents food from entering the larynx during swallowing is called the __________.

What is the correct sequence of air passage through the human respiratory system?

Match the following components of the respiratory system with their functions:

The lungs are covered by a single-layered pleura.

What are the vascularized bag-like structures called where gas exchange occurs in the lungs?

What percentage of oxygen is transported by red blood cells in the blood?

The total thickness of the diffusion membrane is less than a millimeter.

What is the form of carbon dioxide that accounts for approximately 70% of its transport in the blood?

Each hemoglobin molecule can carry a maximum of _____ molecules of O2.

Match the following gases with their solubility in relation to oxygen:

What happens to the intra-pulmonary pressure during inspiration?

What primarily influences the binding of oxygen to hemoglobin?

About 3% of O2 is carried in a dissolved state through the plasma.

Name the muscle that is primarily responsible for initiating inspiration.

The contraction of the external intercostal muscles causes an increase in the volume of the thoracic chamber in the __________ axis.

Which muscles work together to create the pressure gradient necessary for breathing?

Match the function with the corresponding phase of breathing:

What factors influence the rate of diffusion for gases in the lungs?

Relaxation of the diaphragm decreases thoracic volume, resulting in expiration.

Functional Residual Capacity (FRC) includes only the expiratory reserve volume (ERV).

What is the consequence of an increase in pulmonary volume during inspiration?

What is the term for the total volume of air that can be accommodated in the lungs after a forced inspiration?

The exchange of gases primarily occurs in the __________ of the lungs.

Match the following gas exchange terms with their definitions:

Which of the following statements is true regarding carbon dioxide (CO2) transportation?

Oxygen (O2) is mostly transported in the blood dissolved in plasma.

What is the maximum volume of air a person can breathe in after a forced expiration known as?

What effect does high pO2 have in the alveoli?

The dissociation of oxygen from hemoglobin occurs in the lungs where pO2 is low.

What is the primary form in which carbon dioxide is transported in the blood?

At the tissue site, where partial pressure of CO2 is ____ due to catabolism, CO2 diffuses into blood.

Match the following conditions with their effects on oxygen and carbon dioxide transport:

How much O2 can 100 ml of oxygenated blood deliver to the tissues under normal physiological conditions?

The enzyme carbonic anhydrase facilitates the reaction that converts CO2 and water to bicarbonate.

What percentage of CO2 is carried by hemoglobin as carbamino-haemoglobin?

What is the primary gas transport form of oxygen in the blood?

Carbon dioxide is primarily transported as bicarbonate in the blood.

Which specialized muscles assist in the process of breathing?

The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide at the tissues occurs mainly through __________.

Match the following respiratory terms with their descriptions:

Which of the following factors influences the rate of diffusion of gases?

Oxygen is bound to hemoglobin in the tissues where the partial pressure of oxygen is high.

What role does the pneumotaxic centre play in respiration?

What structure did Alfonso Corti describe that is responsible for converting sound vibrations into nerve impulses?

Breathing is the process of exchanging oxygen with carbon monoxide produced by the cells.

What is the harmful gas released during catabolic reactions in the body?

Lower invertebrates exchange O2 and CO2 by __________ over their body surface.

Match the following animals with their breathing mechanisms:

Which of the following statements best describes the function of the respiratory system?

Alfonso Corti's studies were initially focused on the respiratory system.

In what year did Alfonso Corti publish his paper on the organ of Corti?

What components are included in Total Lung Capacity (TLC)?

The primary sites of gas exchange in the body are the alveoli.

What is the volume of air that remains in the lungs after a normal expiration called?

The total volume of air a person can breathe in after a forced expiration is known as __________.

Which factor does NOT influence the rate of gas diffusion?

Partial pressure of oxygen is represented as pCO2.

Gas exchange primarily occurs through __________ diffusion.

What initiates the process of inspiration?

What is the role of the external intercostal muscles during inspiration?

During expiration, the diaphragm and intercostal muscles _____ to reduce thoracic volume.

Match the following stages of breathing with their descriptions:

The relaxation of the diaphragm causes an increase in the thoracic volume.

What is created to allow breathing to occur?

What is the primary structure used for gas exchange in aquatic arthropods and molluscs?

Amphibians can respire through their skin in addition to using lungs.

What structure prevents food from entering the larynx during swallowing?

The primary function of the larynx is __________.

Match the following respiratory structures with their functions:

Which respiratory structure divides into right and left primary bronchi?

The pleura consists of a single layer surrounding the lungs.

What is the role of incomplete cartilaginous rings in the respiratory system?

What percentage of oxygen is dissolved in plasma?

CO2 is less soluble than O2 in blood.

What component of red blood cells binds with oxygen?

About ____ percent of CO2 is transported as bicarbonate in the blood.

Match the following gases with their corresponding solubility levels:

Which factor does NOT interfere with the binding of oxygen to haemoglobin?

The diffusion membrane's total thickness is greater than a millimetre.

How many molecules of oxygen can one haemoglobin molecule carry?

What is the primary role of the respiratory rhythm centre located in the medulla?

The pneumotaxic centre located in the pons can increase the duration of inspiration.

What condition is characterized by inflammation of the bronchi and bronchioles, causing wheezing?

Every 100 ml of deoxygenated blood delivers approximately _____ ml of CO2 to the alveoli.

Match the following respiratory disorders with their descriptions:

Which type of substances can activate the chemosensitive area near the respiratory rhythm centre?

Oxygen plays a major role in the regulation of respiratory rhythm.

What is a common consequence of prolonged exposure to dust in certain industries?

What is the main purpose of oxygen (O2) in organisms?

Carbon dioxide (CO2) is beneficial for cells and does not need to be removed.

What structure did Alfonso Corti discover that is involved in the auditory system?

The process of exchanging oxygen and carbon dioxide in living organisms is known as __________.

Match the following respiratory organs with their primary functions:

Which of the following groups of animals primarily relies on diffusion for gas exchange?

The organ of Corti is responsible for converting sound vibrations into nerve impulses.

What structure is primarily used for gas exchange in most aquatic arthropods?

Amphibians are the only vertebrates that can respire through their skin.

What is the name of the cartilaginous flap that prevents food from entering the larynx during swallowing?

Fishes primarily use __________ for respiration.

What type of respiration do terrestrial forms like mammals primarily use?

The human respiratory system can be described as including a single-layered pleura covering the lungs.

Identify one function of the nasal chamber in the human respiratory system.

What is the volume of air inspired or expired during a normal respiration known as?

The average healthy adult breathes 16-20 times per minute.

What device is primarily used to estimate breathing volumes?

The additional volume of air a person can expire by forcible expiration is called _____ Volume.

Match the respiratory volumes with their approximate values:

What is the total volume of air a person can inspire after a normal expiration called?

Residual Volume (RV) is the volume of air released from the lungs during forced expiration.

What is the average range for Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)?

What occurs during the process of expiration?

The contraction of the diaphragm decreases the volume of the thoracic chamber.

Name the muscles that assist in the process of inspiration.

During inspiration, the diaphragm contracts and pulls down, resulting in an increase in ______ pressure which draws air into the lungs.

Match the following actions with their respective anatomical effects during breathing:

Which of the following best describes the role of the diaphragm during breathing?

The relaxation of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles leads to a decrease in intra-pulmonary pressure.

What is the main effect of increasing thoracic volume during inspiration?

What does Total Lung Capacity (TLC) include?

Carbon dioxide is exchanged from the blood to the alveoli primarily through active transport.

What is the primary site for gas exchange in the respiratory system?

The volume of air remaining in the lungs after a normal expiration is called __________.

Match the gases with their corresponding partial pressures in the lungs:

Which of the following factors can affect the rate of gas diffusion?

Partial pressure for a gas is defined as the total pressure exerted by the mixture of gases.

What is the maximum volume of air that a person can breathe in after a forced expiration called?

The respiratory rhythm is maintained by the cerebellum region of the brain.

What role does carbonic anhydrase play in carbon dioxide transport?

Oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into the __________ blood.

Match the following terms related to respiration with their correct descriptions:

Which factor does NOT influence the rate of diffusion of gases?

Carbon dioxide is primarily transported in the blood as carbonic acid.

Explain the significance of vital capacity in respiratory health.

What structure did Alfonso Corti discover that is essential for converting sound vibrations into nerve impulses?

Breathing is the process of exchanging oxygen with carbon monoxide in the body.

In which year did Alfonso Corti publish his noteworthy paper?

Lower invertebrates exchange gases through simple __________.

Match the following respiratory methods with the organisms that use them:

Which of the following gases is produced as a waste product during catabolic reactions?

What is the primary gas that organisms need to break down molecules for energy?

All animals have the same mechanism of breathing.

What is the primary role of the conducting part of the respiratory system?

The alveoli are responsible for transporting atmospheric air to the body.

What is the term for the diffusion of gases (O2 and CO2) across the alveolar membrane?

The part of the respiratory system that humidifies air and brings it to body temperature is known as the __________.

Match the following components of the respiratory system with their primary functions:

Which of the following correctly describes the thoracic chamber?

Respiration includes both the inhalation of oxygen and the exhalation of carbon dioxide.

Name the muscle responsible for the change in thoracic volume during inspiration.

What occurs during expiration?

During inspiration, the volume of the thoracic chamber decreases.

Name the primary muscle that initiates inspiration.

Expiration occurs when the intra-pulmonary pressure is _________ than the atmospheric pressure.

Match the following actions with their respective stages of breathing:

Which set of muscles assists in changing the volume of the thoracic cavity during breathing?

Air moves into the lungs when the thoracic volume decreases.

What happens to thoracic volume during inspiration?

What condition favors the formation of oxyhaemoglobin?

Carbon dioxide is transported by haemoglobin primarily as carbamino-haemoglobin.

What enzyme catalyzes the conversion of CO2 and H2O to H2CO3 in red blood cells?

In the tissues, conditions are favorable for the ________ of oxygen from oxyhaemoglobin.

Match the following terms with their corresponding functions:

During which condition does the binding of carbon dioxide to haemoglobin increase?

What is the primary role of the respiratory rhythm centre in the brain?

The enzyme carbonic anhydrase is present only in the plasma, not in red blood cells.

The role of oxygen is significant in the regulation of respiratory rhythm.

What chronic disorder is characterized by damage to alveolar walls?

Every 100 ml of oxygenated blood can deliver around ____ ml of O2 to the tissues.

CO2 is transported in the blood primarily as __________.

Match the following respiratory disorders with their characteristics:

Which structure in the brain can moderate the functions of the respiratory rhythm centre?

Inhalation increases the levels of CO2 in the alveoli.

Name one receptor that helps in recognizing changes in CO2 concentration.

What is the primary mechanism by which gases are exchanged at the alveoli?

Carbon dioxide is mainly transported in blood as carbamino-haemoglobin.

What is the role of the respiratory centre in the medulla?

The majority of oxygen in the blood is transported as __________.

Match the following respiratory components with their associated functions:

Which factor is NOT a determinant for the rate of diffusion of gases?

The partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2) is higher in the tissues than in the alveoli.

Define vital capacity and its significance.

What structure is primarily used for gas exchange in fish?

Amphibians, like frogs, can only respire through their lungs.

What is the purpose of the epiglottis in the human respiratory system?

Gas exchange in humans primarily occurs in the __________.

Match the following parts of the respiratory system with their functions:

Which part of the respiratory system is often referred to as the 'sound box'?

Humans have three lungs.

What is the role of pleural fluid between the two layers of pleura in the lungs?

Which of the following describes the role of the conducting part of the respiratory system?

The thoracic cavity is completely open to the atmosphere.

What is the name of the process that involves the exchange of gases between blood and tissues?

The diaphragm is a _____ shaped muscle that plays a crucial role in respiration.

Which action primarily causes air to move into the lungs during inspiration?

The lungs are located in the cervical cavity.

What is the primary function of the pleural fluid?

What is the average tidal volume (TV) for a healthy adult?

The residual volume (RV) is the total volume of air a person can expire after a normal inspiration.

Match the following respiratory volumes with their approximate values:

How many times does an average healthy human breathe in a minute?

What device is commonly used to estimate the volume of air in breathing movements?

The inspiratory capacity includes tidal volume and respiratory reserve volume.

What is the total lung capacity (TLC)?

The partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2) in the alveoli is lower than in the blood.

What factors affect the rate of gas diffusion in the alveoli?

The __________ is the maximum volume of air that can be breathed in after a forced expiration.

Match the terms related to lung volumes with their definitions:

Which gas has a higher partial pressure in deoxygenated blood compared to alveoli?

Oxygen is primarily transported in the blood dissolved in plasma.

How does the concentration gradient influence gas exchange in the alveoli?

The role of oxygen in regulating respiratory rhythm is highly significant.

What is the main cause of emphysema?

Increase in pCO2 and hydrogen ions signals the rhythm centre to make necessary adjustments in respiratory processes, primarily to eliminate __________.

Match the respiratory disorders with their characteristics:

How much CO2 does every 100 ml of deoxygenated blood deliver to the alveoli?

What area of the brain adjusts the duration of inspiration?

Fibrosis is a condition characterized by the proliferation of fibrous tissues in response to lung damage.

Which of the following factors does NOT influence the rate of diffusion of gases in the body?

The majority of carbon dioxide is transported in the blood as dissolved gas.

What primarily maintains the respiratory rhythm in humans?

What percentage of carbon dioxide is carried by haemoglobin as carbamino-haemoglobin?

Match the following terms with their associated descriptions.

Diffusion of O2 occurs from areas of lower to higher partial pressure in the respiratory system.

Identify the two specialized muscles that assist in breathing.

What structure on the basilar membrane of the cochlea contains hair cells that convert sound vibrations into nerve impulses?

Breathing refers to the process of taking in carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.

In which year did Alfonso Corti publish his major paper on the auditory system?

Earthworms exchange gases through their moist __________.

Match the following animal groups with their gas exchange mechanisms:

Which gas is utilized by organisms to derive energy from simple molecules during cellular respiration?

Carbon dioxide, produced during cellular respiration, is harmful and must be expelled from the body.

What year did Alfonso Corti die?

What is the primary function of the inner pleural membrane?

The thoracic chamber is formed by the rib cage, diaphragm, and vertebral column.

What are the two main parts of the respiratory system?

What is the primary component responsible for transporting oxygen in the blood?

The process through which gases are exchanged between blood and tissues is called __________.

Match the following structures with their functions:

The diffusion membrane in gas exchange is more than a millimetre thick.

Which of the following does NOT occur during pulmonary ventilation?

The lungs can independently change their volume without affecting the thoracic cavity.

Approximately ___ percent of carbon dioxide is transported as bicarbonate in the blood.

Which factor does NOT affect the binding of oxygen with haemoglobin?

What is the primary role of pleural fluid?

Match the following percentages with their corresponding method of CO2 transport:

What is the maximum number of O2 molecules that each haemoglobin molecule can carry?

What type of respiration do most aquatic arthropods and molluscs primarily use?

Amphibians can respire through their skin as well as their lungs.

What is the name of the flap that prevents food from entering the larynx during swallowing?

The bronchi divide into secondary and tertiary bronchi, eventually leading to thin terminal ______.

Match the structures with their functions:

What is the main purpose of the pleural fluid in the lungs?

What are the vascularised bag-like structures in the lungs responsible for gas exchange called?

The trachea is supported by complete cartilaginous rings.

What is included in the calculation of Total Lung Capacity (TLC)?

Gas exchange occurs primarily in the trachea.

What is the term for the maximum volume of air a person can breathe in after a forced expiration?

The volume of air that remains in the lungs following a normal expiration is called __________.

Match the following gases with their relevant partial pressures in the alveoli:

Oxygen pressure (pO2) is highest in the tissues compared to the alveoli.

What is the gradient for CO2 diffusion in relation to the blood and tissues?

What is the primary condition for the formation of oxyhaemoglobin in the alveoli?

CO2 is primarily transported in the blood as bicarbonate (HCO3-).

What effect does high pCO2 and low pO2 have on carbon dioxide binding to haemoglobin?

When oxygen binds with haemoglobin, it forms __________.

What role does carbonic anhydrase play in the blood?

Match the following conditions with their related effects on oxygen binding:

Haemoglobin carries approximately 80% of carbon dioxide as carbamino-haemoglobin.

In tissues with low pO2, haemoglobin releases __________ from oxyhaemoglobin.

What structure is located on the basilar membrane of the cochlea and is involved in hearing?

Alfonso Corti primarily studied the respiratory system.

What gas is continuously supplied to the cells for energy production?

The process of exchanging oxygen and carbon dioxide is known as __________.

Match the following organisms with their method of gas exchange:

Which of the following gases is primarily harmful and is released during catabolic reactions?

The organ of Corti was discovered in 1851.

In which year did Alfonso Corti pass away?

What is the main purpose of the conducting part of the respiratory system?

The thoracic chamber is anatomically an airtight chamber.

What is the role of the diaphragm during respiration?

The diffusion of gases occurs across the __________ membrane.

Match the respiratory process with its description:

What happens to the pulmonary volume during inhalation?

Cellular respiration involves the uptake of oxygen and the production of carbon dioxide.

What is the main function of the alveoli in the respiratory system?

Residual Volume (RV) is the volume of air that is expelled from the lungs after a forcible expiration.

The total volume of air a person can inspire after a normal expiration is known as __________ capacity.

What is the approximate volume of Tidal Volume (TV)?

Which of the following represents the additional volume of air that can be forcibly expired?

What is the sum of Tidal Volume (TV) and Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) called?

What is the primary role of the respiratory rhythm centre?

The role of oxygen is highly significant in regulating respiratory rhythm.

What condition is characterized by wheezing and difficulty in breathing due to inflammation of bronchi and bronchioles?

CO2 is carried as bicarbonate primarily from the __________ to the alveoli.

Which part of the brain is responsible for moderating the functions of the respiratory rhythm centre?

The body’s defense mechanism can be overwhelmed in industries with excessive __________, leading to lung damage.

The chemosensitive area near the respiratory rhythm centre is not sensitive to CO2 and hydrogen ions.

What is the primary form in which oxygen is transported in the blood?

Expiration occurs when intra-pulmonary pressure is higher than atmospheric pressure.

What process involves the exchange of gases between the alveoli and blood?

The muscles primarily responsible for breathing are the __________ and __________.

Which factor does NOT affect the rate of diffusion of gases?

Air moves into the lungs during inspiration due to a decrease in intra-pulmonary pressure created by __________ and __________.

Nearly 70 percent of carbon dioxide is transported as bicarbonate ions in the blood.

What is the role of carbonic anhydrase in the transport of carbon dioxide?

The relaxation of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles results in an increase in thoracic volume.

What is the primary role of the diaphragm during the breathing process?

What is the organ of Corti primarily responsible for?

Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a beneficial product released during catabolic reactions.

What is the primary mechanism of gas exchange in lower invertebrates?

Alfonso Corti was an anatomist who made significant contributions to the study of the __________ system.

Match the following gases with their typical properties in respiration:

Which of the following organisms uses tracheal tubes for gas exchange?

The process of breathing entails the exchange of O2 from the atmosphere with CO2 produced by the cells.

What year did Alfonso Corti publish his paper describing the organ of Corti?

What is included in the calculation of Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)?

The primary sites of gas exchange are the bronchi.

What happens to the partial pressure of oxygen from the alveoli to the blood?

Total Lung Capacity (TLC) is equal to _____ volume plus _____ volume.

Match the following gases with their corresponding partial pressures in tissues:

How does the solubility of gases affect the rate of diffusion?

The exchange of gases from tissues to blood occurs primarily through active transport.

What is the volume of air remaining in the lungs after a forced expiration called?

Which of the following structures is primarily responsible for gas exchange in the lungs?

The epiglottis prevents air from entering the digestive system during swallowing.

What type of respiration do amphibians like frogs use besides lungs?

Terrestrial forms primarily use ______ for gas exchange.

Which of the following are two types of respiration used by different organisms?

What is the primary method of oxygen transport in the blood?

The exchange of gases at the alveoli occurs primarily through active transport.

What role do intercostal muscles play in respiration?

Carbon dioxide is primarily transported in the blood as __________ (HCO3-).

Match the following respiratory processes with their descriptions:

Which component of the respiratory system is responsible for maintaining respiratory rhythm?

The partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide significantly affect their diffusion rates.

What conditions favor the binding of oxygen to hemoglobin?

Oxygen dissociates from hemoglobin in the alveoli due to high pO2.

What is vital capacity in the context of respiratory function?