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Questions and Answers
What does the expiratory capacity (EC) include?
What does the expiratory capacity (EC) include?
Functional residual capacity is the volume of air remaining in the lungs after a forced expiration.
Functional residual capacity is the volume of air remaining in the lungs after a forced expiration.
False
What is the main factor influencing the rate of diffusion of gases?
What is the main factor influencing the rate of diffusion of gases?
Partial pressure of gases
The total volume of air a person can breathe in after a forced expiration is known as __________.
The total volume of air a person can breathe in after a forced expiration is known as __________.
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How much of the oxygen in the bloodstream is carried in a dissolved state through plasma?
How much of the oxygen in the bloodstream is carried in a dissolved state through plasma?
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Match the factors affecting the binding of oxygen with hemoglobin:
Match the factors affecting the binding of oxygen with hemoglobin:
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Each hemoglobin molecule can carry a maximum of 4 molecules of carbon dioxide.
Each hemoglobin molecule can carry a maximum of 4 molecules of carbon dioxide.
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What is the sigmoid curve obtained when plotting the percentage saturation of hemoglobin with O2 against pO2 called?
What is the sigmoid curve obtained when plotting the percentage saturation of hemoglobin with O2 against pO2 called?
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Which of the following organisms utilize gills for respiration?
Which of the following organisms utilize gills for respiration?
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The larynx is responsible for sound production.
The larynx is responsible for sound production.
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What is the function of the epiglottis?
What is the function of the epiglottis?
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The exchange of gases occurs in the ______ part of the respiratory system.
The exchange of gases occurs in the ______ part of the respiratory system.
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Match the following respiratory structures with their functions:
Match the following respiratory structures with their functions:
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What is the primary role of pleural fluid?
What is the primary role of pleural fluid?
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All respiratory organs function in the same way for all animals.
All respiratory organs function in the same way for all animals.
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What structure divides the trachea into the right and left primary bronchi?
What structure divides the trachea into the right and left primary bronchi?
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What percentage of carbon dioxide is transported as bicarbonate in the blood?
What percentage of carbon dioxide is transported as bicarbonate in the blood?
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The binding of carbon dioxide to hemoglobin occurs when the partial pressure of oxygen is low.
The binding of carbon dioxide to hemoglobin occurs when the partial pressure of oxygen is low.
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What enzyme in red blood cells facilitates the conversion of carbon dioxide and water to bicarbonate?
What enzyme in red blood cells facilitates the conversion of carbon dioxide and water to bicarbonate?
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Every 100 ml of deoxygenated blood can deliver approximately _____ ml of CO2 to the alveoli.
Every 100 ml of deoxygenated blood can deliver approximately _____ ml of CO2 to the alveoli.
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Match the following forms of carbon dioxide transport with their percentages:
Match the following forms of carbon dioxide transport with their percentages:
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What effect does increased CO2 level have on the respiratory rhythm center?
What effect does increased CO2 level have on the respiratory rhythm center?
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The pneumotaxic center is located in the medulla of the brain.
The pneumotaxic center is located in the medulla of the brain.
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What happens to the bicarbonate in the alveoli when pCO2 is low?
What happens to the bicarbonate in the alveoli when pCO2 is low?
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What forms the lower boundary of the thoracic chamber?
What forms the lower boundary of the thoracic chamber?
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Expiration occurs when the intra pulmonary pressure is lower than atmospheric pressure.
Expiration occurs when the intra pulmonary pressure is lower than atmospheric pressure.
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What is the average tidal volume for a healthy human?
What is the average tidal volume for a healthy human?
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The process by which oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse across the alveolar membrane is known as _____.
The process by which oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse across the alveolar membrane is known as _____.
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Match the respiratory volumes with their descriptions:
Match the respiratory volumes with their descriptions:
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Which of the following is a step in the process of breathing?
Which of the following is a step in the process of breathing?
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Air pressure in the thorax decreases during inspiration.
Air pressure in the thorax decreases during inspiration.
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What factors increase the volume of air in the thoracic cavity during inspiration?
What factors increase the volume of air in the thoracic cavity during inspiration?
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Study Notes
Breathing and Exchange of Gases
- The process of exchanging oxygen from the atmosphere with carbon dioxide produced by cells is called breathing, also known as respiration.
- Different animals have different respiratory organs
- Invertebrates (sponges, coelenterates, earthworms): Use simple diffusion through body surfaces (cutaneous respiration).
- Insects: Use tracheal tubes.
- Aquatic mollusks and fish: Use gills.
- Aquatic mollusks and arthropods: Use book lungs.
- Amphibians: Use skin and lungs.
- Reptiles, birds, and mammals: Use lungs.
Human Respiratory System
-
Conducting part:
- Nasal cavity
- External nostrils
- Nasopharynx
- Larynx
- Trachea
- Bronchi
- Bronchioles
-
Exchange part:
- Alveoli
- Alveolar ducts
- Terminal bronchioles
-
Lungs:
- Double-layered covering: Pleura, with pleural fluid reducing friction.
- Thoracic chamber: Air-tight, formed by vertebral column, sternum, ribs, and diaphragm.
- Volume changes in the thoracic cavity affect lung volume (pulmonary cavity).
Steps of Respiration
- Breathing: Inhaling atmospheric air and exhaling carbon dioxide-rich air.
- Diffusion of gases through alveolar membranes.
- Transport of gases by blood.
- Diffusion of gases between blood and tissues.
- Utilizing oxygen by cells, releasing carbon dioxide.
Mechanism of Breathing
-
Inspiration:
- Intra-pulmonary pressure decreases below atmospheric pressure.
- Intercostal muscles contract, lifting ribs and sternum.
- Diaphragm contracts and flattens.
- Increase in thoracic cavity volume, decreasing air pressure.
-
Expiration:
- Intra-pulmonary pressure increases above atmospheric pressure.
- Intercostal muscles relax, ribs move downward.
- Diaphragm relaxes and arches upward.
- Decrease in thoracic cavity volume, increasing air pressure.
Respiratory Volumes
- Tidal volume (TV): Volume of air inspired or expired in a normal breath (approximately 500ml).
- Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV): Additional volume inspired forcibly (approximately 2500-3000ml).
- Expiratory reserve volume (ERV): Additional volume expired forcibly (approximately 1000-1100ml).
- Residual volume (RV): Volume of air remaining in the lungs after maximum exhalation (approximately 1100-1200ml).
Pulmonary Capacities
- Inspiratory capacity (IC): TV + IRV
- Functional residual capacity (FRC): ERV + RV
- Expiratory capacity (EC): TV + ERV
- Vital capacity (VC): TV + IRV + ERV
- Total lung capacity (TLC): TV + IRV + ERV + RV
Exchange of Gases
- Mechanism: Simple diffusion based on pressure gradients.
-
Factors affecting diffusion rate:
- Partial pressure of gases
- Solubility of gases
- Thickness of respiratory membranes
- Surface area of respiratory membranes
Transport of Gases
- Oxygen: 97% bound to hemoglobin (oxyhemoglobin), 3% dissolved in plasma.
- Carbon dioxide: 25% bound to hemoglobin (carbaminohemoglobin), 70% as bicarbonate ions.
Regulation of Respiration
- Respiratory rhythm centre in the medulla controls breathing rate.
- Pneumotaxic center in the pons moderates this.
- Chemoreceptors in the brain and major arteries regulate breathing in response to CO2, O2, and pH levels.
Respiratory Disorders
- Asthma: Inflammation of bronchi and bronchioles, causing difficulty breathing.
- Emphysema: Damage to alveolar walls, reducing respiratory surface area.
- Occupational respiratory disorders: Exposure to dust, leading to inflammation and fibrosis (e.g., silicosis, asbestosis).
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Description
Test your knowledge on the process of breathing and the exchange of gases in various organisms, including human respiratory anatomy. This quiz covers different respiratory systems and their functions across various classes of animals. Discover the intricacies of how oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged in living beings.
