Respiratory System Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is the name of the structure that prevents food or liquids from entering the respiratory tract during swallowing?

  • Cricoid cartilage
  • Epiglottis (correct)
  • Thyroid cartilage
  • Glottis

    • What is the name of the structure that contains C-shaped cartilages to help keep the airway open?

  • Bronchus
  • Larynx
  • Trachea (correct)
  • Pharynx

    • Which cartilage sits superior to the cricoid cartilage in the larynx?

  • Corniculate cartilage
  • Thyroid cartilage (correct)
  • Arytenoid cartilage
  • Cricoid cartilage

    • Which of the following is a reflex that is triggered when food or liquid touches the vocal cords?

    <p>Coughing reflex (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What cells patrol the respiratory epithelium to remove debris?

    <p>Alveolar macrophages (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a blockage of a pulmonary artery branch called?

    <p>Pulmonary embolism (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does sympathetic activation cause in the bronchioles?

    <p>Bronchodilation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure contains elastic ligaments that extend between the thyroid and arytenoid cartilages?

    <p>False vocal cords (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which chamber of the heart receives oxygenated blood from the lungs?

    <p>Left atrium (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a layer of the heart wall?

    <p>Pericardium (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of specialized cell junction allows for electrical impulses to rapidly travel between cardiac muscle cells?

    <p>Gap junctions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What valve prevents blood from flowing back from the left ventricle into the left atrium?

    <p>Mitral valve (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following blood vessels carries deoxygenated blood from the body to the right atrium?

    <p>Inferior vena cava (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structures attach to the flaps of the atrioventricular valves and prevent them from prolapsing into the atria during ventricular contraction?

    <p>Chordae tendineae (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the valve that ensures blood leaves the right ventricle and enters the pulmonary artery?

    <p>Pulmonary valve (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the valve that prevents blood from flowing back from the aorta into the left ventricle?

    <p>Aortic valve (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main component of blood that is responsible for transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide throughout the body?

    <p>Red blood cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of blood cell is responsible for fighting bacterial infections?

    <p>Neutrophils (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the protein that forms the meshwork of a blood clot?

    <p>Fibrin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of the nervous system?

    <p>Coordinates only voluntary responses of many organ systems (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Impulses that travel from the peripheral nervous system to the central nervous system are called:

    <p>Afferent impulses (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a thin, membranous sheath that increases the speed of action potential propagation down the axon?

    <p>Myelin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ion is primarily responsible for hyperpolarization of a neuron?

    <p>Potassium (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what location does a neuron communicate with a muscle cell?

    <p>Neuromuscular junction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which meningeal layer is the outermost layer?

    <p>Dura mater (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of the hypothalamus?

    <p>Controls the endocrine cells of the adrenal medullae through sympathetic innervation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is responsible for stimulating the production of testosterone in males?

    <p>LH (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the lymphatic system?

    <p>Maintain fluid balance and protect against infection. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of lymph nodes in the lymphatic system?

    <p>Filter lymph and trap pathogens. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone plays a role in bonding and social behaviors?

    <p>Oxytocin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately describes the role of FSH in males?

    <p>FSH stimulates the production of sperm cells. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of T cells in the immune system?

    <p>Attack infected cells directly. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the tonsils in the immune system?

    <p>Trap and remove pathogens entering the throat. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the thymus in the lymphatic system?

    <p>Maturation of T cells. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a component of an atom?

    <p>Molecule (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the process by which cells duplicate themselves, resulting in two identical daughter cells?

    <p>Mitosis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of meiosis?

    <p>Results in genetically identical daughter cells. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct order of the four phases of mitosis?

    <p>Prophase, Metaphase Anaphase, Telophase (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the type of bond formed when two atoms share electrons?

    <p>Covalent bond (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a fluid containing white blood cells that circulates through lymphatic vessels?

    <p>Lymph (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At the point of puberty, which of the following occurs?

    <p>All of the above. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the hormone that stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth?

    <p>Oxytocin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Entry points of air

    Air enters the respiratory system through the pharynx or nasal cavity.

    Shared chamber

    The pharynx is the chamber shared by the digestive and respiratory systems.

    Mucus-producing cells

    Goblet cells in the respiratory tract produce mucus to trap particulate matter.

    Opening to the trachea

    The glottis is the narrow opening in the larynx leading to the trachea.

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    Food protection structure

    The epiglottis prevents food or liquids from entering the respiratory tract during swallowing.

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    Cartilage above cricoid

    The thyroid cartilage sits superior to the cricoid cartilage in the larynx.

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    Sound-producing structure

    True vocal cords vibrate to produce sound waves when air passes through the glottis.

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    Respiratory bronchioles lead to

    Respiratory bronchioles lead to alveolar ducts in the lungs.

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    Arterioles

    Small blood vessels that branch from arteries and lead to capillaries.

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    Left atrium

    The chamber of the heart that collects blood from the pulmonary circuit.

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    Epicardium

    The serous membrane that forms the outer surface of the heart.

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    Apex

    The pointed tip of the heart opposite to the base.

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    Intercalated discs

    Specialized structures between cardiac muscle cells that allow electrical impulses to propagate.

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    Chordae tendineae

    Tendons that support the atrioventricular valves in the heart.

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    Semilunar valves

    Valves that ensure blood exits the ventricles into the arteries.

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    Mitral valve

    Another name for the bicuspid valve, found between left atrium and left ventricle.

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    Fibrin

    A protein that forms the basic framework for a blood clot.

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    Hemoglobin

    The pigment in red blood cells that binds and transports oxygen and carbon dioxide.

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    Capillaries

    The smallest blood vessels in the body, allowing for nutrient and gas exchange.

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    Endothelium

    The innermost layer of a blood vessel.

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    Vasodilation

    The process where arterial walls relax and the artery expands.

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    Afferent impulses

    Impulses that carry information from the peripheral nervous system to the central nervous system.

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    Hormone

    A chemical messenger released into the blood that affects target cells in other tissues.

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    Oxytocin

    A hormone that stimulates uterine contractions and milk ejection.

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    GnRH

    Gonadotropin-releasing hormone that triggers other hormones for reproduction.

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    LH

    Luteinizing hormone that stimulates testosterone production in males.

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    FSH

    Follicle-stimulating hormone responsible for spermatogenesis.

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    Mitosis

    Cell division process for growth and repair producing identical cells.

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    Meiosis

    Special type of cell division producing haploid gametes (sperm and eggs).

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    PMAT

    A sequence in mitosis: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase.

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    Lymph

    Fluid containing white blood cells circulating in the lymphatic system.

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    Spleen

    Organ filtering blood and aiding in fighting infections.

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    Lymphatic system

    System maintaining fluid balance and protecting against infections.

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    T cells

    White blood cells attacking infected cells in the immune system.

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    Lymph nodes

    Small structures filtering lymph and trapping pathogens.

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    Lymphedema

    Swelling caused by lymph accumulation in tissues.

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    Thymus

    Organ involved in maturing T cells for immune response.

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    Tonsils

    Tissues that trap and remove pathogens entering the throat.

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    Study Notes

    Respiratory System

    • Air enters the respiratory system through the nares (nostrils) and oral cavity.
    • The pharynx is a shared chamber between the digestive and respiratory systems.
    • Goblet cells produce mucus that traps particulate matter.
    • The glottis is a narrow opening in the larynx leading to the trachea.
    • The epiglottis prevents food and liquids from entering the trachea during swallowing.
    • The thyroid cartilage sits superior to the cricoid cartilage in the larynx.
    • The true vocal cords contain elastic ligaments that extend between the thyroid and arytenoid cartilages.
    • The true vocal cords vibrate to produce sound when air passes through the glottis.
    • The swallowing reflex prevents food/liquid from entering the lungs.
    • The trachea contains C-shaped cartilages that maintain airway patency.
    • The trachea branches into the right and left primary bronchi.
    • Sympathetic activation causes bronchodilation (widening of bronchioles).
    • Parasympathetic activation causes bronchoconstriction (narrowing of bronchioles).
    • Respiratory bronchioles lead to alveolar ducts and sacs.
    • Alveolar macrophages patrol the respiratory epithelium to remove debris.
    • Surfactant is an oily secretion that prevents alveolar collapse.
    • Pulmonary embolism is a blockage of a pulmonary artery branch.
    • The parietal pleura covers the inner surface of the chest wall.
    • Capillaries are the small vessels connecting the smallest arteries and veins.

    Cardiovascular System

    • The right atrium receives blood from the pulmonary circuit.
    • The pericardium is the serous membrane surrounding the heart.
    • The visceral pericardium (epicardium) covers the outer surface of the heart.
    • The apex is the pointed tip of the heart.
    • The heart wall consists of epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium.
    • Gap junctions are specialized sites allowing electrical impulses to propagate between cardiac muscle cells.
    • Atrioventricular valves connect each atrium to its corresponding ventricle.
    • The superior vena cava delivers blood from the head, neck, and chest to the heart.
    • Chordae tendineae support the flaps of the atrioventricular valves.
    • Semilunar valves ensure blood leaves the ventricles into the arteries.
    • The mitral valve is another name for the bicuspid valve.
    • Blood leaving the left ventricle flows to the aortic semilunar valve and aorta.
    • Whole blood consists of plasma and formed elements.
    • Platelets contain enzymes and factors for blood clotting.
    • Fibrinogen forms fibrin strands for blood clot formation.
    • Hemoglobin is the pigment in red blood cells that binds and transports oxygen and carbon dioxide.
    • Capillaries are the smallest blood vessels.
    • The endothelium is the innermost layer of a blood vessel.
    • Vasoconstriction narrows arteries, while vasodilation widens them.

    Nervous System

    • The nervous system integrates sensory information, coordinates voluntary responses, and monitors internal/external environments.
    • Afferent impulses carry information to the central nervous system.
    • Myelin is a thin, membranous sheath that increases action potential speed.
    • The neuromuscular junction is where a neuron communicates with a muscle cell.
    • The dura mater is the outermost meningeal layer.
    • Glutamate is an excitatory neurotransmitter involved in learning and memory, while GABA is an inhibitory neurotransmitter that calms the brain.
    • The autonomic nervous system has two divisions: sympathetic (fight-or-flight) and parasympathetic (rest-and-digest). Sympathetic receptors include adrenergic receptors (alpha and beta). Parasympathetic receptors include cholinergic receptors (muscarinic and nicotinic).
    • Regulatory hormone secretion by the hypothalamus is regulated through negative feedback.
    • A hormone is a chemical messenger that travels through the blood to target cells.
    • Atrial natriuretic peptide is a hormone released in response to atrial pressure.
    • The posterior pituitary produces ADH (water retention) and oxytocin (uterine contractions and milk ejection).
    • LH is the hormone stimulating testosterone secretion in males.
    • At puberty, levels of FSH and LH increase, and secondary sex characteristics appear.

    Other (Lymphatic, Reproductive, Cellular)

    • Lymph is a fluid containing white blood cells that circulates through lymphatic vessels.
    • The spleen filters blood and removes pathogens.
    • The lymphatic system maintains fluid balance and protects against infection.
    • White blood cells are primarily involved in the immune response.
    • Lymph nodes filter lymph and trap pathogens.
    • T cells attack infected cells.
    • Tonsils trap and remove pathogens.
    • Lymphatic vessels collect and transport lymph.
    • Lymphedema is swelling due to lymph accumulation.
    • The thymus is responsible for T cell maturation.
    • Mitosis is for cell growth, repair, and maintenance. Meiosis produces gametes.
    • PMAT stands for Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase, which are the four phases of mitosis.
    • The three components of an atom are protons, neutrons, and electrons.
    • A covalent bond forms when atoms share electrons.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on the anatomy and functions of the respiratory system. This quiz covers key structures such as the pharynx, larynx, trachea, and the roles of various cells and tissues. Dive into how air is processed and the mechanics behind sound production.

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