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Questions and Answers
Which component of the respiratory system is responsible for filtering, moistening, and warming the inspired air before it reaches the lungs?
Which component of the respiratory system is responsible for filtering, moistening, and warming the inspired air before it reaches the lungs?
- Bronchi
- Alveoli
- Nasal cavity (correct)
- Larynx
Which of the following is NOT part of the conducting portion of the respiratory system?
Which of the following is NOT part of the conducting portion of the respiratory system?
- Nasal cavities
- Larynx
- Primary bronchi
- Alveolar ducts (correct)
What is the function of the sphenoidal sinus in the respiratory system?
What is the function of the sphenoidal sinus in the respiratory system?
- Filtering air
- Gas exchange
- Moistening and warming inspired air
- Conveying air from the external environment to the lungs (correct)
Which part of the respiratory system consists of respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli?
Which part of the respiratory system consists of respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli?
In which layer of the trachea is the mucosa found?
In which layer of the trachea is the mucosa found?
What is the main function of the lower respiratory tract?
What is the main function of the lower respiratory tract?
What is the function of type I alveolar cells?
What is the function of type I alveolar cells?
What is the main role of type II alveolar cells?
What is the main role of type II alveolar cells?
What is the function of alveolar macrophages?
What is the function of alveolar macrophages?
What happens to type II cells after injury?
What happens to type II cells after injury?
What stimulates Clara cells to divide and give rise to alveolar cells?
What stimulates Clara cells to divide and give rise to alveolar cells?
What is the function of the pleural cavity?
What is the function of the pleural cavity?
In which part of the trachea can seromucous glands be found?
In which part of the trachea can seromucous glands be found?
What type of cells are most numerous in the cuboidal epithelium of terminal bronchioles?
What type of cells are most numerous in the cuboidal epithelium of terminal bronchioles?
What is the function of the smooth muscle in the bronchi and bronchioles?
What is the function of the smooth muscle in the bronchi and bronchioles?
What structures line the alveolar ducts?
What structures line the alveolar ducts?
Which component of the trachea contains hyaline cartilage rings?
Which component of the trachea contains hyaline cartilage rings?
What can be found in the lamina propria of the bronchi?
What can be found in the lamina propria of the bronchi?
What is the main function of clara cells in the terminal bronchioles?
What is the main function of clara cells in the terminal bronchioles?
What is the distinguishing feature of bronchioles in terms of their structure?
What is the distinguishing feature of bronchioles in terms of their structure?
What cell types can be found in the terminal bronchiole epithelium?
What cell types can be found in the terminal bronchiole epithelium?
What type of tissue surrounds each alveolar duct and its alveoli?
What type of tissue surrounds each alveolar duct and its alveoli?
What structures disappear at the distal end of alveolar ducts?
What structures disappear at the distal end of alveolar ducts?
What is the main function of clara cells in injury-induced situations?
What is the main function of clara cells in injury-induced situations?
What is the main function of the trachealis muscle in the trachea?
What is the main function of the trachealis muscle in the trachea?
Which cell type is most numerous in the epithelium of terminal bronchioles?
Which cell type is most numerous in the epithelium of terminal bronchioles?
What is the distinguishing feature of bronchioles in terms of their structure?
What is the distinguishing feature of bronchioles in terms of their structure?
In which part of the respiratory system can clara cells be found?
In which part of the respiratory system can clara cells be found?
What is the main function of alveolar macrophages in the lungs?
What is the main function of alveolar macrophages in the lungs?
Which of the following is NOT part of the conducting portion of the respiratory system?
Which of the following is NOT part of the conducting portion of the respiratory system?
What is the distinguishing feature of bronchioles in terms of their structure?
What is the distinguishing feature of bronchioles in terms of their structure?
What is the main function of clara cells in injury-induced situations?
What is the main function of clara cells in injury-induced situations?
What is the function of alveolar macrophages?
What is the function of alveolar macrophages?
What type of tissue surrounds each alveolar duct and its alveoli?
What type of tissue surrounds each alveolar duct and its alveoli?
Which cells in the alveoli lower the alveolar surface tension?
Which cells in the alveoli lower the alveolar surface tension?
What is the primary function of type I alveolar cells?
What is the primary function of type I alveolar cells?
What is the function of alveolar macrophages?
What is the function of alveolar macrophages?
What stimulates Clara cells to divide and give rise to alveolar cells?
What stimulates Clara cells to divide and give rise to alveolar cells?
Where are lamellar bodies containing pulmonary surfactant found?
Where are lamellar bodies containing pulmonary surfactant found?
What is the primary function of type II alveolar cells?
What is the primary function of type II alveolar cells?
What is the function of alveolar macrophages in the lungs?
What is the function of alveolar macrophages in the lungs?
Where are lamellar bodies containing pulmonary surfactant found?
Where are lamellar bodies containing pulmonary surfactant found?
What stimulates Clara cells to divide and give rise to alveolar cells?
What stimulates Clara cells to divide and give rise to alveolar cells?
What is the main function of the pleural cavity?
What is the main function of the pleural cavity?
Type I alveolar cells reduce the thickness of the cytoplasm at the blood-air barrier to as little as 25 nm.
Type I alveolar cells reduce the thickness of the cytoplasm at the blood-air barrier to as little as 25 nm.
Type II alveolar cells secrete pulmonary surfactant which lowers the alveolar surface tension.
Type II alveolar cells secrete pulmonary surfactant which lowers the alveolar surface tension.
Alveolar macrophages are found in alveoli and in the interalveolar septum, often seen on the surface of the alveolus.
Alveolar macrophages are found in alveoli and in the interalveolar septum, often seen on the surface of the alveolus.
The pleural cavity is lined with mesothelial cells that normally produce a thin film of serous fluid acting as a lubricant.
The pleural cavity is lined with mesothelial cells that normally produce a thin film of serous fluid acting as a lubricant.
Inhalation of toxic gases or similar materials can result in increased mitotic activity in the remaining type I alveolar cells.
Inhalation of toxic gases or similar materials can result in increased mitotic activity in the remaining type I alveolar cells.
Study Notes
Overview of the Respiratory System
- Consists of two main components: conducting portion and respiratory portion
- Conducting portion includes nasal cavities, nasopharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles
- Respiratory portion includes respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli
Trachea
- Has three layers: mucosa, submucosa, and adventitia
- Mucosa consists of respiratory epithelium, lamina propria, and seromucous glands
- Epithelium is pseudostratified ciliated columnar with goblet cells, brush cells, small granule cells, and basal cells
- Contains 16-20 C-shaped hyaline cartilage rings that keep the tracheal lumen open
Bronchi and Bronchioles
- Bronchi branch into primary, secondary, and tertiary bronchi
- Bronchioles branch off from tertiary bronchi and decrease in diameter
- Bronchi and bronchioles have similar structure to trachea, but with decreasing amounts of cartilage and glands
- Clara cells are present in terminal bronchioles, which secrete proteins to protect against pollutants and inflammation
Respiratory Bronchioles and Alveoli
- Respiratory bronchioles subdivide into alveolar ducts lined by alveoli
- Alveoli are sac-like structures with a thin layer of squamous alveolar cells and a network of elastic and reticular fibers
- Alveolar ducts open into atria, which communicate with alveolar sacs
- Alveoli have a total internal surface area of 75 m2 in each adult lung
Blood-Air Barrier
- Consists of surface lining and cytoplasm of alveolar cells, fused basal lamina, and cytoplasm of endothelial cells
- Total thickness of the barrier varies from 0.1 to 1.5 μm
- Capillary endothelial cells are thin and continuous, with numerous pinocytotic vesicles for efficient gas exchange
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Test your knowledge of the lower respiratory tract with this quiz. Learn about the anatomy and functions of structures such as the larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs.
