Respiratory System: Lower Tract Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which component of the respiratory system is responsible for filtering, moistening, and warming the inspired air before it reaches the lungs?

  • Bronchi
  • Alveoli
  • Nasal cavity (correct)
  • Larynx

    • Which of the following is NOT part of the conducting portion of the respiratory system?

  • Nasal cavities
  • Larynx
  • Primary bronchi
  • Alveolar ducts (correct)

    • What is the function of the sphenoidal sinus in the respiratory system?

  • Filtering air
  • Gas exchange
  • Moistening and warming inspired air
  • Conveying air from the external environment to the lungs (correct)

    • Which part of the respiratory system consists of respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli?

    <p>Lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which layer of the trachea is the mucosa found?

    <p>Epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the lower respiratory tract?

    <p>Gas exchange between air and blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of type I alveolar cells?

    <p>Maintain the alveolar side of the blood-air barrier</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of type II alveolar cells?

    <p>Secrete pulmonary surfactant to lower alveolar surface tension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of alveolar macrophages?

    <p>Phagocytose debris and erythrocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to type II cells after injury?

    <p>They divide to replace their own population and provide progenitor cells for type I cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What stimulates Clara cells to divide and give rise to alveolar cells?

    <p>Inhalation of toxic gases or similar materials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the pleural cavity?

    <p>To produce a thin film of serous fluid that acts as a lubricant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which part of the trachea can seromucous glands be found?

    <p>Submucosa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cells are most numerous in the cuboidal epithelium of terminal bronchioles?

    <p>Clara cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the smooth muscle in the bronchi and bronchioles?

    <p>To control muscular contraction primarily by nerves of the autonomic nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structures line the alveolar ducts?

    <p>Ciliated cuboidal epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of the trachea contains hyaline cartilage rings?

    <p>Adventitia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be found in the lamina propria of the bronchi?

    <p>Crisscrossing bundles of spirally arranged smooth muscle and elastic fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of clara cells in the terminal bronchioles?

    <p>Secretion of surfactant lipoproteins and mucins in the fluid layer on the epithelial surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the distinguishing feature of bronchioles in terms of their structure?

    <p>Absence of mucosal glands and cartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What cell types can be found in the terminal bronchiole epithelium?

    <p>Clara cells, ciliated cells, small mucous cells, brush cells, DNES small granule cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of tissue surrounds each alveolar duct and its alveoli?

    <p>Elastic and collagen fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structures disappear at the distal end of alveolar ducts?

    <p>Smooth muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of clara cells in injury-induced situations?

    <p>Injury-induced mitosis for replacement of other bronchiolar cell types</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the trachealis muscle in the trachea?

    <p>To regulate the diameter of the trachea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cell type is most numerous in the epithelium of terminal bronchioles?

    <p>Clara cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the distinguishing feature of bronchioles in terms of their structure?

    <p>No cartilage in their walls</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which part of the respiratory system can clara cells be found?

    <p>Terminal bronchioles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of alveolar macrophages in the lungs?

    <p>Phagocytosis of foreign particles and pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT part of the conducting portion of the respiratory system?

    <p>Respiratory bronchioles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the distinguishing feature of bronchioles in terms of their structure?

    <p>Lack of cartilage rings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of clara cells in injury-induced situations?

    <p>Detoxification of harmful substances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of alveolar macrophages?

    <p>Phagocytosis of foreign particles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of tissue surrounds each alveolar duct and its alveoli?

    <p>Elastic connective tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells in the alveoli lower the alveolar surface tension?

    <p>Type II alveolar cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of type I alveolar cells?

    <p>Maintaining the blood-air barrier</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of alveolar macrophages?

    <p>Phagocytosing debris and erythrocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What stimulates Clara cells to divide and give rise to alveolar cells?

    <p>Inhalation of toxic gases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are lamellar bodies containing pulmonary surfactant found?

    <p>Type II alveolar cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of type II alveolar cells?

    <p>Secrete pulmonary surfactant to lower alveolar surface tension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of alveolar macrophages in the lungs?

    <p>Phagocytose debris and erythrocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are lamellar bodies containing pulmonary surfactant found?

    <p>Type II alveolar cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What stimulates Clara cells to divide and give rise to alveolar cells?

    <p>Inhalation of toxic gases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the pleural cavity?

    <p>Produce a thin film of serous fluid as a lubricant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Type I alveolar cells reduce the thickness of the cytoplasm at the blood-air barrier to as little as 25 nm.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Type II alveolar cells secrete pulmonary surfactant which lowers the alveolar surface tension.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Alveolar macrophages are found in alveoli and in the interalveolar septum, often seen on the surface of the alveolus.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The pleural cavity is lined with mesothelial cells that normally produce a thin film of serous fluid acting as a lubricant.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Inhalation of toxic gases or similar materials can result in increased mitotic activity in the remaining type I alveolar cells.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Overview of the Respiratory System

    • Consists of two main components: conducting portion and respiratory portion
    • Conducting portion includes nasal cavities, nasopharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles
    • Respiratory portion includes respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli

    Trachea

    • Has three layers: mucosa, submucosa, and adventitia
    • Mucosa consists of respiratory epithelium, lamina propria, and seromucous glands
    • Epithelium is pseudostratified ciliated columnar with goblet cells, brush cells, small granule cells, and basal cells
    • Contains 16-20 C-shaped hyaline cartilage rings that keep the tracheal lumen open

    Bronchi and Bronchioles

    • Bronchi branch into primary, secondary, and tertiary bronchi
    • Bronchioles branch off from tertiary bronchi and decrease in diameter
    • Bronchi and bronchioles have similar structure to trachea, but with decreasing amounts of cartilage and glands
    • Clara cells are present in terminal bronchioles, which secrete proteins to protect against pollutants and inflammation

    Respiratory Bronchioles and Alveoli

    • Respiratory bronchioles subdivide into alveolar ducts lined by alveoli
    • Alveoli are sac-like structures with a thin layer of squamous alveolar cells and a network of elastic and reticular fibers
    • Alveolar ducts open into atria, which communicate with alveolar sacs
    • Alveoli have a total internal surface area of 75 m2 in each adult lung

    Blood-Air Barrier

    • Consists of surface lining and cytoplasm of alveolar cells, fused basal lamina, and cytoplasm of endothelial cells
    • Total thickness of the barrier varies from 0.1 to 1.5 μm
    • Capillary endothelial cells are thin and continuous, with numerous pinocytotic vesicles for efficient gas exchange

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    Description

    Test your knowledge of the lower respiratory tract with this quiz. Learn about the anatomy and functions of structures such as the larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs.

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