Human Anatomy: Nose and Lower Respiratory Tract
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Questions and Answers

Which structure is a common passageway for both the respiratory and digestive systems?

  • Pharynx (correct)
  • Trachea
  • Larynx
  • Esophagus

    • The left main bronchus is more vertical than the right main bronchus due to the heart's position.

    False (B)

    What is the primary function of the respiratory system?

    supply the body with oxygen and dispose of carbon dioxide

    Gas exchange between air and blood occurs at the ___________.

    <p>respiratory membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following regions of the pharynx with their key characteristics:

    <p>Nasopharynx = Contains lymphatic tissue called tonsils or adenoids Oropharynx = Contains palatine and lingual tonsils Laryngopharynx = Connects to the larynx</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During inspiration, which of the following events occurs?

    <p>The diaphragm contracts and moves downward. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The trachea is reinforced with complete rings of cartilage to maintain an open airway.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of spirometry?

    <p>measuring the volumes of air that move into and out of the respiratory system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The external openings of the nose are called __________.

    <p>nostrils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following events represents internal respiration?

    <p>Gas exchange between blood and tissue cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the correct calculation for Vital Capacity?

    <p>Inspiratory reserve volume + tidal volume + expiratory reserve volume (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of carbon dioxide transport, bicarbonate ions ($\text{HCO}_3^-$) are directly converted into carbon dioxide ($\text{CO}_2$) before diffusing into the alveoli.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of hoarseness in laryngitis?

    <p>inflammation of the larynx</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In emphysema, the progressive destruction of _________ leads to air being trapped in the lungs.

    <p>alveoli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following pulmonary volumes/capacities with their approximate value in a young adult male:

    <p>Tidal Volume = 500 mL Inspiratory Reserve Volume = 3000 mL Expiratory Reserve Volume = 1100 mL Residual Volume = 1200 mL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the underlying mechanism of airflow restriction during an asthma attack?

    <p>Inflammation and tightening of bronchial muscles (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Otitis media in children is often linked to the unique structure of their eustachian tubes.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Besides infection and allergy, what is another potential cause of sinusitis?

    <p>autoimmune problems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Most oxygen in the blood is transported by binding to _________ in red blood cells.

    <p>hemoglobin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following symptoms is LEAST likely to be associated with tonsillitis?

    <p>Weight loss (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    External Nose

    The visible part of the face that participates in breathing and smell.

    Nasal Cavity

    A space that extends from the nostrils to the choanae, involved in air passage.

    Nostrils

    External openings of the nose that allow air to enter and exit the nasal cavity.

    Larynx

    The voice box that directs air and food and plays a role in speech.

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    Bronchi

    The main air passages that branch from the trachea into the lungs.

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    Alveoli

    The tiny air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange occurs.

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    Pulmonary Ventilation

    The process of breathing, where air moves into and out of the lungs.

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    Inspiration/Inhalation

    The act of drawing air into the lungs by lowering pressure.

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    Expiration/Exhalation

    The act of releasing air from the lungs as pressure increases.

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    Respiratory Gas Transport

    Oxygen and carbon dioxide movement between lungs and tissues via blood.

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    Tidal Volume

    Volume of air inspired or expired with each breath (about 500 mL).

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    Inspiratory Reserve Volume

    Air that can be inspired forcefully after normal inspiration (about 3000 mL).

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    Expiratory Reserve Volume

    Air that can be expired forcefully after normal expiration (about 1100 mL).

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    Residual Volume

    Air remaining in the lungs after maximum expiration (about 1200 mL).

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    Functional Residual Capacity

    Expiratory reserve volume plus residual volume (about 2300 mL).

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    Inspiratory Capacity

    Tidal volume plus inspiratory reserve volume (about 3500 mL).

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    Vital Capacity

    Sum of inspiratory reserve volume, tidal volume, and expiratory reserve volume (about 4600 mL).

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    Total Lung Capacity

    Sum of all pulmonary volumes (about 5800 mL).

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    Oxygen Transport

    Most O2 attaches to hemoglobin in red blood cells, forming oxyhemoglobin ($HbO_2$).

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    Bicarbonate Ion Transport

    Most CO2 is transported in plasma as bicarbonate ion ($HCO_3^-$).

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    Study Notes

    External Nose and Nasal Cavity

    • The external nose is the visible part of the face.
    • The nasal cavity extends from the nostrils to the choanae (openings into the pharynx).
    • Nostrils are external openings of the nose.
    • Nasal septum divides the nasal cavity.
    • Olfactory receptors are located in the superior part of the nasal cavity's mucosa, beneath the ethmoid bone.
    • Respiratory mucosa lines the nasal cavity and has a rich network of veins for warming inhaled air.

    Lower Respiratory Tract

    • Pharynx: A common passageway for the respiratory and digestive systems.
      • Divided into three regions:
        • Nasopharynx: Contains tonsils or adenoids.
        • Oropharynx: Houses palatine and lingual tonsils.
        • Laryngopharynx: Connects to the larynx.
    • Larynx (Voice Box): Plays a role in speech and directs air and food.
      • Located in the anterior throat, connecting to the pharynx and trachea.
      • Composed of nine cartilages connected by muscles and ligaments.
    • Trachea: A membranous tube with connective tissue, smooth muscle, and 16-20 C-shaped cartilages.
      • About 1.4-1.6 cm in diameter and 10-11 cm long in adults.
      • Cartilage protects and maintains an open airway.
    • Bronchi and Lungs:
      • Trachea divides into left and right main bronchi.
      • Left bronchus is more horizontal due to the heart's location.
      • Foreign objects often lodge in the right bronchus, due to its more vertical orientation.
      • Lungs occupy most of the thoracic cavity.
      • Left lung has 2 lobes; right lung has 3 lobes.
      • Bronchi branch into lobar bronchi, then bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and finally alveoli.
    • Respiratory Membrane: Site of gas exchange between air and blood.
      • Formed by alveolar and capillary walls.

    Functions of the Respiratory System

    • Major function: supplying oxygen and removing carbon dioxide.
    • Four processes occur in respiration:
      • Pulmonary Ventilation: Air moving into and out of the lungs.
      • External Respiration: Gas exchange (O2 loading and CO2 unloading) between pulmonary blood and alveoli.
      • Respiratory Gas Transport: Oxygen and carbon dioxide move through the bloodstream.
      • Internal Respiration: Gas exchange between blood and tissue cells

    Breathing Mechanism

    • Inspiration (Inhalation): Air moves into the lungs.
      • Diaphragm contracts, intercostal muscles contract, expanding the chest cavity and lowering lung pressure.
    • Expiration (Exhalation): Air moves out of the lungs.
      • Muscles relax, diaphragm returns to its dome shape, intercostal muscles relax, increasing lung pressure.

    Spirometry

    • Measures air volumes in the respiratory system.
    • Pulmonary Volumes (Young Adult Male):
      • Tidal Volume: Volume of air inhaled/exhaled per breath (about 500 mL).
      • Inspiratory Reserve Volume: Air inspired after normal inhalation (about 3000 mL).
      • Expiratory Reserve Volume: Air exhaled after normal exhalation (about 1100 mL).
      • Residual Volume: Air remaining in lungs after maximum exhalation (about 1200 mL).

    Additional Pulmonary Volumes

    • Functional Residual Capacity: Expiratory reserve volume + residual volume (about 2300 mL).
    • Inspiratory Capacity: Tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume (about 3500 mL).
    • Vital Capacity: Inspiratory reserve volume + tidal volume + expiratory reserve volume (about 4600 mL).
    • Total Lung Capacity: Sum of all pulmonary volumes (about 5800 mL), vital capacity + residual volume.

    Gas Transport

    • Oxygen Transport: Most O2 binds to hemoglobin (Hb) in red blood cells, forming oxyhemoglobin ($HbO_2$). A small portion is dissolved in plasma.
    • Carbon Dioxide Transport: Most CO2 is transported as bicarbonate ion ($HCO_3^-$) influencing blood pH.

    Respiratory and Ear/Nose/Throat Conditions

    • Sinusitis (Rhinosinusitis): Inflammation of the paranasal sinuses, often caused by infections, allergies, or autoimmune issues.
    • Otitis Media: Middle ear infection, often resulting from viral or bacterial infection.
      • Children are more susceptible due to the shorter, horizontal eustachian tubes and enlarged adenoids.
    • Tonsillitis: Infection and swelling of the tonsils, most common in children aged 5-10.
    • Laryngitis: Inflammation of the larynx, causing hoarseness, often due to a viral infection.
    • Emphysema: Lung disease damaging air sacs (alveoli), leading to trapped air and reduced oxygenation.
    • Asthma: Airways inflammation causing restricted airflow, increased mucus, and bronchial tightening.
    • Lung Cancer: Uncontrolled lung tissue growth, often leading to metastasis, primarily from epithelial cells. A major cause of cancer deaths (as of 2004, 1.3 million).

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    Description

    This quiz covers the structure and function of the external nose and nasal cavity, as well as the lower respiratory tract, including the pharynx and larynx. Test your knowledge on the components, regions, and roles of these essential respiratory structures.

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