55 Questions
What is a potential consequence of depression of respiration?
Threatened adequate oxygenation of tissues
What is the relationship between depression of respiration and oxygenation of tissues?
Depression of respiration threatens adequate oxygenation of tissues
What is the primary concern associated with depression of respiration?
Threatened adequate oxygenation of tissues
What can result from inadequate oxygenation of tissues?
Cellular damage and death
What is the impact of depression of respiration on the body?
It threatens adequate oxygenation of tissues
What is the body's response to compensate for metabolic alkalosis?
Retention of carbon dioxide
In metabolic alkalosis, what happens to pCO2?
It rises to match the increase in [HCO3-]
What is the opposite of metabolic alkalosis?
Metabolic acidosis
What is the effect of depression of respiration on the body?
Retention of carbon dioxide
What type of imbalance is characterized by high [HCO3-] levels?
Metabolic alkalosis
What is the consequence of increased [HCO3-] levels?
Increased pCO2 levels
What is the opposite of respiratory alkalosis?
Respiratory acidosis
What is the effect of retention of carbon dioxide on the body?
Increased pCO2 levels
What is the body's response to compensate for high [HCO3-] levels?
Decreased breathing rate
What is the relationship between [HCO3-] levels and pCO2 levels in metabolic alkalosis?
pCO2 levels increase as [HCO3-] levels increase
What is a characteristic of metabolic acidosis?
Reduced bicarbonate
Which condition is characterized by decreased HCO3 and decreased pH?
Metabolic acidosis
What is the relationship between HCO3 and pH in metabolic acidosis?
HCO3 decreases, pH decreases
Which condition is not fully compensated?
Metabolic alkalosis
What is a characteristic of metabolic alkalosis?
Increased HCO3
What is the relationship between HCO3 and pH in metabolic alkalosis?
HCO3 increases, pH increases
Which condition is characterized by increased pH and decreased HCO3?
Respiratory alkalosis
What is the opposite of metabolic acidosis?
Metabolic alkalosis
Which condition is characterized by decreased pH and increased HCO3?
Respiratory acidosis
What is the relationship between HCO3 and pH in respiratory acidosis?
HCO3 increases, pH decreases
What is the color of urobilinogen?
Colorless
Where does the urea cycle occur?
Liver
What is the primary function of the hepatic duct?
To transport bile to the gallbladder and duodenum
What is the result of bilirubin conversion to conjugated bilirubin?
Bilirubin becomes more soluble in water at physiologic pH
What is the detoxification marker of the liver?
Serum albumin
Which cells are responsible for producing bile in the liver?
Hepatocytes
What is one of the causes of prehepatic jaundice?
Sickle cell anemia
What is the role of albumin in the blood?
To regulate the balance of fluids in the body
What is the reason for the yellow color of urine?
All of the above
What is the reason for the brown color of stool?
Presence of stercobilin
What is the function of sinusoids in the liver?
To facilitate the exchange of substances between the blood and hepatocytes
What is the main product of the conversion of conjugated bilirubin by normal GI bacterial flora?
Urobilin and Stercobilin
What is bilirubin di-glucuronide?
A product formed when two molecules of glucuronic acid are covalently attached to bilirubin
What is the fate of amino nitrogen in protein catabolism?
Converted to urea
In the glucose-alanine cycle, what is the product of pyruvate transamination in skeletal muscle?
Alanine
What is the product of the reaction between carbamoyl phosphate and ornithine in the urea cycle?
Citrulline
Which of the following functions is a characteristic of the liver?
Detoxification
What is the result of severe hepatocellular disease on albumin levels?
Albumin decreases
In which organ is bile secreted?
Liver
What is the composition of bile?
Phospholipids, bilirubin, and all of the above
What is the correct sequence of intermediates in the urea cycle?
Carbamoyl phosphate, ornithine, citrulline, arginosuccinic acid, and arginine
What is the role of arginine in metabolism?
It is an intermediate in the urea cycle
How does glucuronyl transferase attach glucuronic acid to bilirubin?
Covalently
What is the enzyme responsible for attaching glucuronic acid to bilirubin?
Glucuronyl transferase UGT-1
What is a result of a marked increase in bilirubin?
Jaundice
Which liver test is used as a synthetic function?
Albumin
Where is Gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT) mainly found?
Liver cells
What is one of the functions of the human liver?
Production of bile
What is the first amino group to enter into the urea cycle?
Aspartate
Which enzyme is a sensitive marker of alcoholic liver disease?
Gamma glutamyl transferase
Learn how chest wall damage and muscle trauma can affect breathing and ventilation rate. Explore the relationship between respiratory system injuries and respiratory function.
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