Respiratory System Injuries and Ventilation Rate

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Questions and Answers

What is a potential consequence of depression of respiration?

  • Enhanced tissue repair
  • Threatened adequate oxygenation of tissues (correct)
  • Improved respiratory function
  • Increased oxygenation of tissues

What is the relationship between depression of respiration and oxygenation of tissues?

  • Depression of respiration is necessary for oxygenation of tissues
  • Depression of respiration has no effect on oxygenation of tissues
  • Depression of respiration increases oxygenation of tissues
  • Depression of respiration threatens adequate oxygenation of tissues (correct)

What is the primary concern associated with depression of respiration?

  • Respiratory failure
  • Threatened adequate oxygenation of tissues (correct)
  • Cardiac arrest
  • Neurological damage

What can result from inadequate oxygenation of tissues?

<p>Cellular damage and death (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the impact of depression of respiration on the body?

<p>It threatens adequate oxygenation of tissues (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the body's response to compensate for metabolic alkalosis?

<p>Retention of carbon dioxide (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In metabolic alkalosis, what happens to pCO2?

<p>It rises to match the increase in [HCO3-] (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the opposite of metabolic alkalosis?

<p>Metabolic acidosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of depression of respiration on the body?

<p>Retention of carbon dioxide (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of imbalance is characterized by high [HCO3-] levels?

<p>Metabolic alkalosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of increased [HCO3-] levels?

<p>Increased pCO2 levels (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the opposite of respiratory alkalosis?

<p>Respiratory acidosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of retention of carbon dioxide on the body?

<p>Increased pCO2 levels (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the body's response to compensate for high [HCO3-] levels?

<p>Decreased breathing rate (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between [HCO3-] levels and pCO2 levels in metabolic alkalosis?

<p>pCO2 levels increase as [HCO3-] levels increase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of metabolic acidosis?

<p>Reduced bicarbonate (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is characterized by decreased HCO3 and decreased pH?

<p>Metabolic acidosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between HCO3 and pH in metabolic acidosis?

<p>HCO3 decreases, pH decreases (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is not fully compensated?

<p>Metabolic alkalosis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of metabolic alkalosis?

<p>Increased HCO3 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between HCO3 and pH in metabolic alkalosis?

<p>HCO3 increases, pH increases (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is characterized by increased pH and decreased HCO3?

<p>Respiratory alkalosis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the opposite of metabolic acidosis?

<p>Metabolic alkalosis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is characterized by decreased pH and increased HCO3?

<p>Respiratory acidosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between HCO3 and pH in respiratory acidosis?

<p>HCO3 increases, pH decreases (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the color of urobilinogen?

<p>Colorless (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does the urea cycle occur?

<p>Liver (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the hepatic duct?

<p>To transport bile to the gallbladder and duodenum (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of bilirubin conversion to conjugated bilirubin?

<p>Bilirubin becomes more soluble in water at physiologic pH (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the detoxification marker of the liver?

<p>Serum albumin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cells are responsible for producing bile in the liver?

<p>Hepatocytes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the causes of prehepatic jaundice?

<p>Sickle cell anemia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of albumin in the blood?

<p>To regulate the balance of fluids in the body (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the reason for the yellow color of urine?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the reason for the brown color of stool?

<p>Presence of stercobilin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of sinusoids in the liver?

<p>To facilitate the exchange of substances between the blood and hepatocytes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main product of the conversion of conjugated bilirubin by normal GI bacterial flora?

<p>Urobilin and Stercobilin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is bilirubin di-glucuronide?

<p>A product formed when two molecules of glucuronic acid are covalently attached to bilirubin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the fate of amino nitrogen in protein catabolism?

<p>Converted to urea (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the glucose-alanine cycle, what is the product of pyruvate transamination in skeletal muscle?

<p>Alanine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the product of the reaction between carbamoyl phosphate and ornithine in the urea cycle?

<p>Citrulline (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following functions is a characteristic of the liver?

<p>Detoxification (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of severe hepatocellular disease on albumin levels?

<p>Albumin decreases (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which organ is bile secreted?

<p>Liver (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the composition of bile?

<p>Phospholipids, bilirubin, and all of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct sequence of intermediates in the urea cycle?

<p>Carbamoyl phosphate, ornithine, citrulline, arginosuccinic acid, and arginine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of arginine in metabolism?

<p>It is an intermediate in the urea cycle (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does glucuronyl transferase attach glucuronic acid to bilirubin?

<p>Covalently (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the enzyme responsible for attaching glucuronic acid to bilirubin?

<p>Glucuronyl transferase UGT-1 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a result of a marked increase in bilirubin?

<p>Jaundice (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which liver test is used as a synthetic function?

<p>Albumin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is Gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT) mainly found?

<p>Liver cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the functions of the human liver?

<p>Production of bile (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the first amino group to enter into the urea cycle?

<p>Aspartate (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme is a sensitive marker of alcoholic liver disease?

<p>Gamma glutamyl transferase (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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