Respiratory System Injuries and Ventilation Rate
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Questions and Answers

What is a potential consequence of depression of respiration?

  • Enhanced tissue repair
  • Threatened adequate oxygenation of tissues (correct)
  • Improved respiratory function
  • Increased oxygenation of tissues

    • What is the relationship between depression of respiration and oxygenation of tissues?

  • Depression of respiration is necessary for oxygenation of tissues
  • Depression of respiration has no effect on oxygenation of tissues
  • Depression of respiration increases oxygenation of tissues
  • Depression of respiration threatens adequate oxygenation of tissues (correct)

    • What is the primary concern associated with depression of respiration?

  • Respiratory failure
  • Threatened adequate oxygenation of tissues (correct)
  • Cardiac arrest
  • Neurological damage

    • What can result from inadequate oxygenation of tissues?

    <p>Cellular damage and death</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of depression of respiration on the body?

    <p>It threatens adequate oxygenation of tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the body's response to compensate for metabolic alkalosis?

    <p>Retention of carbon dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In metabolic alkalosis, what happens to pCO2?

    <p>It rises to match the increase in [HCO3-]</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the opposite of metabolic alkalosis?

    <p>Metabolic acidosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of depression of respiration on the body?

    <p>Retention of carbon dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of imbalance is characterized by high [HCO3-] levels?

    <p>Metabolic alkalosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of increased [HCO3-] levels?

    <p>Increased pCO2 levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the opposite of respiratory alkalosis?

    <p>Respiratory acidosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of retention of carbon dioxide on the body?

    <p>Increased pCO2 levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the body's response to compensate for high [HCO3-] levels?

    <p>Decreased breathing rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between [HCO3-] levels and pCO2 levels in metabolic alkalosis?

    <p>pCO2 levels increase as [HCO3-] levels increase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of metabolic acidosis?

    <p>Reduced bicarbonate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is characterized by decreased HCO3 and decreased pH?

    <p>Metabolic acidosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between HCO3 and pH in metabolic acidosis?

    <p>HCO3 decreases, pH decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is not fully compensated?

    <p>Metabolic alkalosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of metabolic alkalosis?

    <p>Increased HCO3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between HCO3 and pH in metabolic alkalosis?

    <p>HCO3 increases, pH increases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is characterized by increased pH and decreased HCO3?

    <p>Respiratory alkalosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the opposite of metabolic acidosis?

    <p>Metabolic alkalosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is characterized by decreased pH and increased HCO3?

    <p>Respiratory acidosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between HCO3 and pH in respiratory acidosis?

    <p>HCO3 increases, pH decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the color of urobilinogen?

    <p>Colorless</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the urea cycle occur?

    <p>Liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the hepatic duct?

    <p>To transport bile to the gallbladder and duodenum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of bilirubin conversion to conjugated bilirubin?

    <p>Bilirubin becomes more soluble in water at physiologic pH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the detoxification marker of the liver?

    <p>Serum albumin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells are responsible for producing bile in the liver?

    <p>Hepatocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the causes of prehepatic jaundice?

    <p>Sickle cell anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of albumin in the blood?

    <p>To regulate the balance of fluids in the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reason for the yellow color of urine?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reason for the brown color of stool?

    <p>Presence of stercobilin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of sinusoids in the liver?

    <p>To facilitate the exchange of substances between the blood and hepatocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main product of the conversion of conjugated bilirubin by normal GI bacterial flora?

    <p>Urobilin and Stercobilin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is bilirubin di-glucuronide?

    <p>A product formed when two molecules of glucuronic acid are covalently attached to bilirubin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the fate of amino nitrogen in protein catabolism?

    <p>Converted to urea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the glucose-alanine cycle, what is the product of pyruvate transamination in skeletal muscle?

    <p>Alanine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the product of the reaction between carbamoyl phosphate and ornithine in the urea cycle?

    <p>Citrulline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following functions is a characteristic of the liver?

    <p>Detoxification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of severe hepatocellular disease on albumin levels?

    <p>Albumin decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which organ is bile secreted?

    <p>Liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the composition of bile?

    <p>Phospholipids, bilirubin, and all of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct sequence of intermediates in the urea cycle?

    <p>Carbamoyl phosphate, ornithine, citrulline, arginosuccinic acid, and arginine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of arginine in metabolism?

    <p>It is an intermediate in the urea cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does glucuronyl transferase attach glucuronic acid to bilirubin?

    <p>Covalently</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the enzyme responsible for attaching glucuronic acid to bilirubin?

    <p>Glucuronyl transferase UGT-1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a result of a marked increase in bilirubin?

    <p>Jaundice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which liver test is used as a synthetic function?

    <p>Albumin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is Gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT) mainly found?

    <p>Liver cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the functions of the human liver?

    <p>Production of bile</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first amino group to enter into the urea cycle?

    <p>Aspartate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is a sensitive marker of alcoholic liver disease?

    <p>Gamma glutamyl transferase</p> Signup and view all the answers

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