Thoracic Cage & Respiratory System Quiz

The rib cage and sternum work together to protect the lungs and chest organs, and provide support for breathing.

Intercostal muscles contract and relax to change the size and shape of the chest cavity affecting our breathing and aiding in coughs.

Fluid filled sac around the lungs, allowing smooth expansion and contraction of the lungs during breathing, preventing friction.

The diaphragm, primarily controlled by the phrenic nerve, contracts and descends during inhalation to increase lung capacity, and reverses during exhalation.

The right lung has three lobes (superior, middle, inferior), separated by fissures (horizontal and oblique).

The left lung possesses two lobes (superior and inferior) separated by an oblique fissure.

Oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into the bloodstream, while carbon dioxide diffuses from the bloodstream into the alveoli due to pressure differences.

In a gas mixture, the pressure exerted by each gas is independent of the presence of other gases.

A condition where air leaks into the space between your lung and chest wall (pleural space), causing your lung to collapse.

A type of pneumothorax where the air leak originates from inside the chest, without any external wounds.

A type of pneumothorax where the air leak originates from outside the chest, through an open wound.

A severe type of pneumothorax where the air pressure in the pleural space builds up, pushing the heart and other organs towards the unaffected side.

A collapsed lung, either due to a blockage in the airways or pressure from outside.

A bony structure composed of ribs and sternum that protects the lungs and heart, and plays a crucial role in breathing.

Muscles located between the ribs that contract and relax to change the size of the chest cavity, facilitating breathing and coughing.

A fluid-filled sac that surrounds each lung, allowing for smooth expansion and contraction during breathing and preventing friction.

A dome-shaped muscle that separates the chest cavity from the abdomen, contracting during inhalation to increase lung volume and relaxing during exhalation.

The right lung has three lobes: superior, middle, and inferior. The superior and middle lobes are separated by the horizontal fissure, while the middle and inferior lobes are separated by the oblique fissure.

The left lung has two lobes: superior and inferior, separated by the oblique fissure.

The windpipe, a long tube that carries air from the pharynx to the bronchi, supported by cartilaginous rings for structural integrity.

Branches of the trachea that lead into the lungs, further dividing into smaller bronchioles.

Tiny air sacs at the end of bronchioles where gas exchange occurs, allowing oxygen to enter the blood and carbon dioxide to exit.

Thin-walled cells in the alveoli that facilitate diffusion of gases between the air and the blood.

Immune cells found in the alveoli that engulf and destroy foreign particles, protecting the lungs from infection.

A soft tissue region on the lung's medial surface through which the bronchus, blood vessels, and nerves enter and exit the lung.

Breathing is regulated by the brain, controlling the rate and depth of breathing based on blood oxygen levels.

The lungs are divided into lobes, allowing for the surgical removal of a lobe without affecting the entire lung.

The heart is located slightly to the left of the midline of the chest, resulting in a shorter distance to the left lung.

Pulmonary ventilation, or breathing, is the movement of air into and out of the lungs. This process is driven by changes in the volume of the lungs and air pressure.

During normal inhalation, the diaphragm contracts and flattens, while the external intercostal muscles contract, lifting the rib cage. This increases the volume of the lungs, causing the air pressure inside to drop below atmospheric pressure, forcing air to rush in.

Normal exhalation is a passive process. The muscles involved in inhalation relax, allowing the diaphragm to rise and the rib cage to move down. This decreases the volume of the lungs, increasing the pressure inside, and pushing air out.

Boyle's Law explains the relationship between the volume of a gas and its pressure. It states that as the volume of a gas increases, its pressure decreases, and vice versa.

Deoxygenated blood from the body enters the right atrium, is pumped through the right ventricle, and ejected through the pulmonary valve into the pulmonary trunk. The pulmonary trunk splits into pulmonary arteries which carry the deoxygenated blood to the lungs.

After the blood is oxygenated in the lungs, it returns to the heart through the pulmonary veins and enters the left atrium. From there, it is pumped into the left ventricle, then ejected through the aortic valve into the aorta, which distributes the oxygenated blood throughout the body.

Gas exchange occurs in the alveoli, tiny air sacs in the lungs. Oxygen from the inhaled air diffuses from the alveoli into the bloodstream, while carbon dioxide from the blood diffuses into the alveoli to be exhaled. This happens due to the difference in partial pressure of the two gases.

Dalton's Law states that in a mixture of gases, the pressure exerted by each gas is independent of the presence of other gases. This means that the total pressure of the gas mixture is equal to the sum of the individual partial pressures.

Fluid (exudate) from infection spreads through the lungs, filling air sacs (alveoli) and making the affected lung area dense. This can make breathing difficult, as the lungs can't expand properly.

Treating pneumonia where exudate fills the lungs can be challenging because traditional methods like clearing the lungs don't work effectively. However, the mucus itself helps fight off infection.

Knowing the cause of pneumonia is vital for effective treatment. Different causes (etiologies) require different approaches, such as corticosteroids to reduce inflammation or even lung washing procedures.

Certain situations make people more susceptible to pneumonia. These can include weakened immune systems after surgery (post-op pneumonia), inhaling foreign matter (aspiration), or blockage from tumors (obstructive pneumonia).

A type of pneumonia caused by a parasite called Pneumocystis jiroveci, which mainly affects those with weakened immune systems. The parasite forms cysts in the lungs, leading to breathing difficulties.

The virus that causes Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) spreads primarily through respiratory droplets released when someone coughs or sneezes.

The SARS outbreak in 2002-2003 spread globally, causing thousands of infections and deaths. Effective public health measures were crucial in its containment.

Common symptoms of SARS include fever, cough, difficulty breathing, and pneumonia. The virus can severely affect the lungs.

A virus responsible for COVID-19, first identified in Wuhan, China in 2019. It belongs to the Coronaviridae family and has a single-stranded RNA genome. It spreads primarily through respiratory droplets.

The disease caused by SARS-CoV-2. Symptoms vary widely, from mild (fever, cough) to severe (pneumonia, organ failure).

A serious infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It primarily affects the lungs but can spread to other organs. It's spread through airborne droplets.

A collection of immune cells, including macrophages and lymphocytes, that form around the Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria. They indicate the body's attempt to fight the infection but also cause damage to lung tissue.

A skin test that checks for tuberculosis infection. A small amount of tuberculin, a purified protein derivative of M. tuberculosis, is injected under the skin. A raised, firm area at the injection site within 24 hours to 72 hours indicates a positive reaction.

This occurs when a person who has been infected with tuberculosis but has not developed the disease later becomes sick with tuberculosis. It's often triggered by a weakened immune system.

This happens when tuberculosis infection spreads from the lungs to other body parts like kidneys, bones, and uterus.

TB spreads through airborne droplets expelled when an infected person coughs, sneezes, speaks, or sings. These droplets can remain suspended in the air for a long time.

When a previous TB infection flares up due to weakened immunity, causing active TB in adults.

Disseminated TB with multiple small, white nodules in the lungs, resembling millet seeds. Often affects people with weak immune systems.

TB strains that have developed resistance to antibiotics, making treatment difficult.

TB resistant to at least two of the available anti-TB drugs, resulting in prolonged treatment with uncertain success.

TB resistant to many anti-TB drugs, posing a severe challenge for treatment.

Common infection of the bronchi, usually caused by a virus (like cold or flu). Typically resolves within a week or two.

Long-term irritation of the bronchi, often in people with lung problems like exposure to pollution or smoking.

Weakened bronchi walls due to inflammation, leading to sac-like structures and difficulty clearing mucus.

Combination of emphysema and chronic bronchitis, affecting gas exchange in the lungs.

Destruction of the delicate alveolar structure, creating large air spaces and inefficient gas exchange.

A genetic condition where low levels of antitrypsin, a protective enzyme, allow damaging enzymes to destroy lung tissue, leading to emphysema.

Spasms in the bronchi and bronchioles, making it difficult to breathe out, leading to wheezing and difficulty breathing, triggered by allergens.

Severe lung inflammation caused by injury or infection, leading to fluid leakage, reduced surfactant production, and impaired gas exchange.

Scarring and thickening of the alveolar walls, making it harder for gas exchange to occur.

A malignant tumor arising from the lining of the bronchi and bronchioles, usually caused by smoking.