45 Questions
What type of epithelium primarily lines the nasal cavities?
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
Which structure prevents swallowed food or fluid from entering the larynx?
Epiglottis
Where does nasal bleeding usually occur from?
Kiesselbach's area
Which type of epithelium lines the paranasal sinuses?
Respiratory epithelium with fewer goblet cells
What is the function of the lamina propria in the nasal cavities and paranasal sinuses?
Houses seromucous glands and lymphoid elements
Which structure houses the respiratory epithelium with goblet cells and lymphoid nodules?
Vestibular folds
What type of cartilage reinforces the rigid wall of the larynx?
Hyaline cartilage
What are the olfactory neurons known for?
Being replaced regularly due to regenerative activity of epithelial stem cells
What is sinusitis a condition of?
Inflammation of the nasal mucosa
What is found in the lamina propria of the larynx and vocal cords?
Dense regular bundle of elastic connective tissue called vocal ligament
What characterizes the lumen of the larynx during silent respiration?
Partly abducted vocal folds
Where does the nasal cavity open posteriorly into?
Nasopharynx
Which of the following is NOT a function of the upper respiratory tract?
Exchanging gases between air and blood
In which part of the respiratory system does the exchange of CO2 for O2 occur in the vicinity of the cells?
Alveolar ducts
What is the function of the paranasal sinuses in the upper respiratory tract?
Moistening the inspired air
Which structure in the upper respiratory tract is responsible for warming the inspired air?
Nasal cavity
What is the main function of the conducting portion of the respiratory system?
Conveying air from outside the body to the lungs
Which part of the respiratory system is responsible for transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide to and from the cells?
Bronchi
What event describes breathing or ventilation in the context of respiration?
Movement of air in and out of the lungs
Which part of the respiratory system filters, moistens, and warms the inspired air before it reaches the respiratory portion of the lungs?
Paranasal sinuses
What is a function of the sphenoidal sinus in the upper respiratory tract?
Warming inspired air
What is a major function of the frontal sinus in the upper respiratory tract?
Filtering inspired air
What is a role of pharynx in upper respiratory tract?
Conveying air from outside to lungs
Which of the following is NOT part of the respiratory portion where gas exchange takes place?
Primary bronchi
What type of epithelium lines the nasal cavity?
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
Which cells are difficult to distinguish in routine preparations and possess numerous dense core granules?
Small granule cells
Where are the olfactory chemoreceptors for the sense of smell located?
In the olfactory epithelium
What is the name of the small cells near the basal lamina in the olfactory epithelium?
Basal cells
Which region of the nasal cavity contains specialized olfactory epithelium?
Superior conchae
What is the function of lamina propria in the nasal cavity?
To produce mucus for trapping particulate and gaseous air impurities
Which type of cell in the respiratory epithelium resembles gustatory cells and has signal transduction components?
Brush cells
What is the location of chronic presence or accumulation of toxins that affects the respiratory epithelium?
Bronchi
Which structure houses Bowman's glands and a rich vascular plexus?
Olfactory epithelium
Which type of cell in the olfactory epithelium functions as stem cells for other cell types?
Basal cells
What is a potential consequence of heavy cigarette smoking or industrial air pollution on the respiratory epithelium?
Squamous metaplasia of the bronchial mucosa
The olfactory chemoreceptors for the sense of smell are located in the olfactory epithelium, covering the middle and inferior conchae of the nasal cavity.
False
The lamina propria in the nasal cavity possesses a rich vascular plexus, but does not house Bowman's glands.
False
The respiratory epithelium in the nasal cavities is primarily composed of stratified squamous epithelium, rather than pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium.
False
The respiratory system is functionally subdivided into the conducting portion and the respiratory portion.
True
The paranasal sinuses not only transport but also filter, moisten, and warm the inspired air before it reaches the respiratory portion of the lungs.
False
The larynx is part of the upper respiratory tract.
True
Anosmia and hyposmia can both be caused by damage to the olfactory epithelium.
True
The loss of the sense of smell due to toxic fumes or physical injury to the olfactory mucosa is usually permanent.
False
Sinusitis refers to inflammation of the mucous membrane of the sinuses.
True
The larynx is lined by pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium, except on the superior surfaces of the epiglottis and vocal folds.
True
Study Notes
Nasal Cavities
- Nasal cavities are primarily lined by pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium.
- Nasal bleeding usually occurs from the Kiesselbach's plexus.
- The nasal cavity opens posteriorly into the nasopharynx.
Paranasal Sinuses
- Paranasal sinuses are lined by pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium.
- The function of the lamina propria in the nasal cavities and paranasal sinuses is to provide a rich vascular plexus and support the epithelium.
- The sphenoidal sinus helps to warm, moisten, and filter the inspired air.
- The frontal sinus produces mucus and helps to warm, moisten, and filter the inspired air.
Larynx
- The larynx is lined by pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium, except on the superior surfaces of the epiglottis and vocal folds.
- The larynx is reinforced by hyaline cartilage.
- The larynx prevents swallowed food or fluid from entering the larynx through the epiglottis.
Olfactory Epithelium
- Olfactory chemoreceptors for the sense of smell are located in the olfactory epithelium, covering the middle and inferior conchae of the nasal cavity.
- The olfactory epithelium houses Bowman's glands and a rich vascular plexus.
- The basal cells in the olfactory epithelium function as stem cells for other cell types.
- The respiratory epithelium in the nasal cavities contains olfactory receptors that resemble gustatory cells and have signal transduction components.
Respiratory System
- The respiratory system is functionally subdivided into the conducting portion and the respiratory portion.
- The conducting portion is responsible for transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide to and from the cells.
- The respiratory portion is responsible for exchanging CO2 for O2 in the vicinity of the cells.
- The upper respiratory tract filters, moistens, and warms the inspired air before it reaches the respiratory portion of the lungs.
- The pharynx plays a role in filtering, moistening, and warming the inspired air.
Respiratory Epithelium
- The respiratory epithelium in the nasal cavities is primarily composed of pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium.
- The respiratory epithelium can be affected by chronic presence or accumulation of toxins, leading to potential consequences such as loss of cilia or goblet cells.
- Heavy cigarette smoking or industrial air pollution can cause damage to the respiratory epithelium.
Other
- Sinusitis is a condition of inflammation of the mucous membrane of the sinuses.
- Anosmia and hyposmia can be caused by damage to the olfactory epithelium, and the loss of the sense of smell is usually permanent.
Test your knowledge of the four discrete events in respiration including breathing, external respiration, transport of gases, and internal respiration. Explore upper respiratory tract structures like the sphenoidal sinus, frontal sinus, and nasal cavity.
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