102 Questions
What is the primary function of the respiratory system?
Supply of oxygen to the body and removal of carbon dioxide
Which of the following is NOT part of the conductive portion of the respiratory system?
Alveolar ducts
What is the term for the multi-step process by which oxygen is supplied to the body and carbon dioxide is removed from the body?
Respiration
Which of the following is part of the upper respiratory tract?
Pharynx
What is the function of the respiratory portion of the respiratory system?
To exchange gases between the air and blood
Which of the following is NOT part of the conductive portion of the respiratory system?
Respiratory bronchioles
What is the focus of this module?
The upper respiratory tract
What is the primary function of the conductive portion of the respiratory system?
To conduct air into and out of the lungs
What is the purpose of goblet cells in respiratory epithelium?
To produce mucous that traps foreign substances
How do pulse oximetres work?
By detecting changes in the colour of haemoglobin molecules
What type of epithelium lines the superior part of the nasal cavity?
Olfactory epithelium
What is the term for the process of measuring oxygen levels in the blood?
Pulse oximetry
What is the function of respiratory epithelium in the conductive portion of the respiratory tract?
To trap foreign substances
What is the name of the layer of areolar connective tissue underlying the epithelial layer in a mucous membrane?
Lamina propria
What type of epithelium is respiratory epithelium?
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
What is the term for the membrane lining the respiratory tract?
Mucous membrane
What is the primary function of the respiratory system?
To exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide
What is the term for the collective name of the nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and progressively smaller airways within the lungs?
Respiratory tract
What is the structural division of the respiratory tract that includes the nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, pharynx, and larynx?
Upper respiratory tract
What is the function of the larynx in the respiratory system?
To produce sound
What is the location of the larynx in the respiratory tract?
Between the pharynx and the trachea
What is the term for the study of the structure and function of the larynx?
Laryngology
What is the role of the vocal folds in speech production?
To produce sound
What is the term for the process of producing sound through the vibration of the vocal folds?
Phonation
What is the primary function of the supporting cells in olfactory epithelium?
To provide support and nourishment to olfactory receptor cells
What is the role of basal cells in olfactory epithelium?
To regenerate and replace olfactory receptor cells
Why does your nose run on a cold day?
Due to the inhaled cold air being exposed to the warm areas of the nasal cavity
What is responsible for sweeping mucous away in the nasal cavity?
Cilia
What is the main conducting airway for inhaled air?
Nose
What is the external nose referring to?
The part of the respiratory system visible on the face
What are the three main parts of the nose?
Bridge, dorsum and apex
What is the location of the nose?
In the centre of the face
What is the name of the additional set of folds in the larynx?
Vestibular folds
What is the primary source of airflow that generates voice?
Lungs
What happens to the vocal folds when air pressure increases during speech?
They move apart
What is the term for the sounds produced by vocal fold vibrations?
Voice
What is the role of the tongue and lips in speech production?
Sound shaping
What is the part of the respiratory system that the larynx is part of?
Lower respiratory tract
What is the purpose of the vocal folds in the larynx?
Production of voice
What is the outcome of normal vocal fold vibration during speech production?
Speech
What is the primary mechanism by which voice is generated during speech production?
The airflow from the lungs through the vocal folds
What is the role of the tongue and lips in speech production?
To shape the air flow to form speech
What is the term for the sounds produced by the vibration of the vocal folds?
Voice
What happens to the vocal folds when air pressure increases during speech?
They are pushed apart
What is the location of the larynx in the respiratory tract?
Between the trachea and bronchi
What is the name of the additional set of folds in the larynx?
Vestibular folds
What is the primary source of airflow that generates voice?
The lungs
What is the outcome of normal vocal fold vibration during speech production?
Sound is produced
What is the term for the collective name of the nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and progressively smaller airways within the lungs?
Respiratory Tract
What is the structural division of the respiratory tract that includes the nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, pharynx, and larynx?
Upper Respiratory Tract
What is the primary function of the structures that are part of the upper respiratory tract?
To filter, warm, and humidify the air we breathe
Which of the following structures is NOT part of the upper respiratory tract?
Trachea
What is the term for the process of measuring oxygen levels in the blood?
Oximetry
What is the location of the larynx in the respiratory tract?
Between the trachea and the pharynx
What is the function of the pharynx in the respiratory system?
To facilitate the swallowing of food and air
What is the term for the sounds produced by vocal fold vibrations?
Phonation
What is the primary function of the conductive portion of the respiratory system?
To conduct air to the sites of gas exchange
What is the term for the process of supplying oxygen to the body and removing carbon dioxide from the body?
Respiration
Which of the following structures is part of the respiratory portion of the respiratory system?
Alveolar sacs
What is the focus of this module?
The upper respiratory tract
What is the functional division of the respiratory system responsible for conducting air to the sites of gas exchange?
Conductive portion
Which of the following structures is NOT part of the upper respiratory tract?
Alveolar sacs
What is the primary function of the respiratory system?
To supply oxygen to the body and remove carbon dioxide
What is the term for the multi-step process by which oxygen is supplied to the body and carbon dioxide is removed from the body?
Respiration
What is the primary function of the olfactory receptor cells in the olfactory epithelium?
To detect odor molecules in the air
What is the role of the basal cells in the olfactory epithelium?
To regenerate and replace olfactory receptor cells
Why does the nose run on a cold day?
Because the cilia in the nasal cavity become chilled and paralyzed
What is the main conducting airway for inhaled air?
The nose
What are the three main parts of the nose?
The bridge, dorsum, and apex
Where is the nose located?
In the centre of the face
What is responsible for sweeping mucous away in the nasal cavity?
The cilia
What happens when cold air is inhaled into the nasal cavity?
Water condensation occurs, mixing with mucous
What is the purpose of the goblet cells in respiratory epithelium?
To produce mucous that traps foreign substances
What is the name of the layer of areolar connective tissue underlying the epithelial layer in a mucous membrane?
Lamina propria
What is the type of epithelium that lines the superior part of the nasal cavity?
Olfactory epithelium
How do pulse oximeters work?
By detecting changes in the colour of haemoglobin molecules
What is the function of the respiratory epithelium in the conductive portion of the respiratory tract?
To trap foreign substances in the respiratory tract
What is the term for the process of measuring oxygen levels in the blood?
Pulse oximetry
What type of epithelium is respiratory epithelium?
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
What is the term for the membrane lining the respiratory tract?
Mucous membrane
What is the collective name of the nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and progressively smaller airways within the lungs?
Respiratory tract
What is the structural division of the respiratory tract that includes the nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, pharynx, and larynx?
Upper respiratory tract
What is the function of the larynx in the respiratory system?
To produce sound
What is the location of the larynx in the respiratory tract?
Between the pharynx and trachea
What is the term for the study of the structure and function of the larynx?
Laryngology
What is the primary function of the respiratory system?
To supply oxygen to the body
What is the primary function of the conductive portion of the respiratory system?
To transmit air to the sites of gas exchange
What is the part of the respiratory system that includes the nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, pharynx, and larynx?
Upper respiratory tract
What is the functional division of the respiratory system that includes the respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveolar sacs?
Respiratory portion
What is the term for the multi-step process by which oxygen is supplied to the body and carbon dioxide is removed from the body?
Respiration
What is the focus of this module?
Upper respiratory tract
What is the part of the respiratory system that includes the trachea, bronchi, and progressively smaller airways within the lungs?
Lower respiratory tract
What is the functional division of the respiratory system that includes the nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and progressively smaller airways within the lungs?
Conductive portion
What is the term for the division of the respiratory system that includes the respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveolar sacs?
Respiratory portion
What type of epithelium lines the superior part of the nasal cavity?
Olfactory epithelium
How do pulse oximetres work?
By detecting changes in the colour of haemoglobin molecules
What type of epithelium is respiratory epithelium?
Ciliated columnar epithelium
What is the function of goblet cells in respiratory epithelium?
To produce mucous that traps foreign substances
What is the term for the membrane lining the respiratory tract?
Mucous membrane
What is the function of the respiratory epithelium in the conductive portion of the respiratory tract?
To trap foreign substances
What is the layer of areolar connective tissue underlying the epithelial layer in a mucous membrane?
Lamina propria
What is the term for the process of measuring oxygen levels in the blood?
Pulse oximetry
Study Notes
Module: Respiratory System 1 - Upper Respiratory Tract
Learning Outcomes
- Describe the structural and functional divisions and the basic functions of the respiratory system
- Describe the features of respiratory and olfactory epithelium
- Describe the location, function, and gross anatomy of the nose, nasal cavity, and paranasal sinuses
- Describe the location, function, gross anatomy, and histology of the pharynx and larynx
Structural Divisions
- The respiratory system is composed of the nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs
- The respiratory tract can be divided into the upper respiratory tract and the lower respiratory tract
- Upper respiratory tract: nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, pharynx, and larynx
- Lower respiratory tract: trachea, bronchi, and progressively smaller airways within the lungs
Functional Divisions
- Conductive portion: nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and progressively smaller airways within the lungs
- Respiratory portion: respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveolar sacs
Functions
- Primary function of the respiratory system: respiration (oxygen supply and carbon dioxide removal)
- Other functions: gas conditioning, sound production, olfaction, and defense
- Pulse oximetry: measures oxygen levels in the blood by detecting changes in hemoglobin molecules
Epithelium of the Respiratory Tract
- Respiratory epithelium: pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells, supporting cells, and basal cells
- Olfactory epithelium: located in the superior part of the nasal cavity, provides support and nourishment to olfactory receptor cells and basal cells
Nose, Nasal Cavity, and Paranasal Sinuses
- Nose: main conducting airway for inhaled air, divided into external nose and internal nasal cavity
- Nasal cavity: lined by respiratory epithelium, warms, humidifies, and filters air
- Paranasal sinuses: air-filled cavities within bones of the skull, produce mucus and help to warm and humidify air
Voice and Speech Production
- Voice is generated by airflow from the lungs, passing through the larynx and vocal folds
- Coordinated movements of the tongue and lips shape the sounds to form speech
Module: Respiratory System 1 - Upper Respiratory Tract
Learning Outcomes
- Describe the structural and functional divisions and the basic functions of the respiratory system
- Describe the features of respiratory and olfactory epithelium
- Describe the location, function, and gross anatomy of the nose, nasal cavity, and paranasal sinuses
- Describe the location, function, gross anatomy, and histology of the pharynx and larynx
Structural Divisions
- The respiratory system is composed of the nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs
- The respiratory tract can be divided into the upper respiratory tract and the lower respiratory tract
- Upper respiratory tract: nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, pharynx, and larynx
- Lower respiratory tract: trachea, bronchi, and progressively smaller airways within the lungs
Functional Divisions
- Conductive portion: nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and progressively smaller airways within the lungs
- Respiratory portion: respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveolar sacs
Functions
- Primary function of the respiratory system: respiration (oxygen supply and carbon dioxide removal)
- Other functions: gas conditioning, sound production, olfaction, and defense
- Pulse oximetry: measures oxygen levels in the blood by detecting changes in hemoglobin molecules
Epithelium of the Respiratory Tract
- Respiratory epithelium: pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells, supporting cells, and basal cells
- Olfactory epithelium: located in the superior part of the nasal cavity, provides support and nourishment to olfactory receptor cells and basal cells
Nose, Nasal Cavity, and Paranasal Sinuses
- Nose: main conducting airway for inhaled air, divided into external nose and internal nasal cavity
- Nasal cavity: lined by respiratory epithelium, warms, humidifies, and filters air
- Paranasal sinuses: air-filled cavities within bones of the skull, produce mucus and help to warm and humidify air
Voice and Speech Production
- Voice is generated by airflow from the lungs, passing through the larynx and vocal folds
- Coordinated movements of the tongue and lips shape the sounds to form speech
Structural Divisions
- The respiratory system consists of the nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs.
- The respiratory tract can be divided into the upper respiratory tract and the lower respiratory tract.
- The upper respiratory tract includes the nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, pharynx, and larynx.
- The lower respiratory tract includes the trachea, bronchi, and progressively smaller airways within the lungs.
Functional Divisions
- The respiratory system can be divided functionally into a conductive portion and a respiratory portion.
- The conductive portion includes the nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and progressively smaller airways within the lungs.
- The respiratory portion includes the respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveolar sacs, where gas exchange occurs between the air in the lungs and the blood.
Functions
- The primary function of the respiratory system is respiration, a multi-step process by which oxygen is supplied to the body and carbon dioxide is removed from the body.
- The respiratory system also has several other functions, including gas conditioning, sound production, olfaction, and defence.
Epithelium of the Respiratory Tract
- The respiratory tract is lined by two types of epithelium: respiratory epithelium and olfactory epithelium.
- Respiratory epithelium is a pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium that lines most of the conductive portion of the respiratory tract.
- Olfactory epithelium lines the superior part of the nasal cavity and is responsible for olfaction.
Learn about the structural and functional divisions of the respiratory system, including the features of respiratory and olfactory epithelium, and the location, function, and gross anatomy of the nose, nasal cavity, and paranasal sinus.
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