Anatomy and Physiology of the Respiratory System Introduction
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Questions and Answers

How many major parts of the respiratory system are there?

  • 2
  • 4
  • 3 (correct)
  • 5

    • What is the primary function of the respiratory system?

  • To regulate body temperature
  • To facilitate digestion
  • To remove oxygen from the body
  • To provide oxygen to the body's cells while removing carbon dioxide (correct)

    • What is the function of the upper airway structures?

  • To facilitate gas exchange
  • To filter and warm the air we breathe (correct)
  • To regulate blood pressure
  • To produce sound

    • What type of breathing involves the movement of the chest upward and outward?

    <p>Costal breathing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of gas exchange in the alveoli?

    <p>Passive diffusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the diaphragm in breathing?

    <p>To contract and relax to facilitate breathing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures is NOT part of the upper respiratory tract?

    <p>Lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the gas exchange process in the alveoli?

    <p>CO2 moves into the alveolus and O2 moves out of the alveolus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of a cough in chronic bronchitis?

    <p>Productive and lasting at least 3 months a year for 2 successive years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of lung infections in bronchitis?

    <p>Viral infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a chest x-ray in diagnosing chronic bronchitis?

    <p>To visualize the bronchi and lungs for any signs of disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a predisposing factor for chronic bronchitis?

    <p>Upper respiratory tract infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does chronic bronchitis typically develop?

    <p>Through repeated episodes of acute bronchitis or other repeated lung infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the test used to measure lung function in chronic bronchitis?

    <p>Spirometry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of an arterial blood gases (ABG) test in diagnosing chronic bronchitis?

    <p>To assess the level of oxygen in the blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of postural drainage and chest percussion in nursing management of chronic bronchitis?

    <p>To facilitate the removal of bronchial exudates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to relieve body aches by taking aspirin in patients with chronic bronchitis?

    <p>To alleviate discomfort and promote rest</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of alpha 1-antitrypsin (AAT) test in diagnosing chronic bronchitis?

    <p>To diagnose genetic disorders that can contribute to chronic bronchitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to drink fluids every one to two hours in patients with chronic bronchitis?

    <p>To help thin out mucus and promote its clearance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a culture of sputum in diagnosing chronic bronchitis?

    <p>To determine if symptoms are caused by a virus or a bacterium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Respiratory System Overview

    • The respiratory system provides oxygen to the body's cells while removing carbon dioxide.
    • The system consists of 3 major parts: the airway, the lungs, and the muscles of respiration.

    Upper Respiratory Tract

    • The upper airway structures consist of the nose, sinuses, nasal passages, pharynx, tonsils and adenoids, larynx, and trachea.

    Lower Respiratory Tract

    • The lower respiratory tract consists of the lungs, which contain bronchial and alveolar structures necessary for gas exchange.

    Types of Breathing

    • Costal (thoracic) breathing involves the external intercostals muscles and is observed by the movement of the chest upward and outward.
    • Diaphragmatic (abdominal) breathing involves the contraction and relaxation of the diaphragm and is observed by the movement of the abdomen downward.

    Physiology of Gas Exchange

    • Each alveolus is closely associated with a network of capillaries containing deoxygenated blood from the pulmonary artery.
    • The capillary and alveolar walls are thin, allowing rapid exchange of gases by passive diffusion.
    • CO2 moves into the alveolus and O2 moves out of the alveolus.

    Bronchitis

    • Definition: Inflammation of the bronchi.
    • Types: Acute bronchitis and Chronic bronchitis.
    • Acute bronchitis is a serious lung disease that occurs for more than 2 months or recurs on 2 consecutive years.

    Causes of Bronchitis

    • Lung infections (90% viral, 10% bacterial).
    • Chronic bronchitis can develop from repeated episodes of acute bronchitis or other repeated lung infections.
    • Irritants such as smoke, dusts, and air pollution.
    • Physical agents such as changes in temperature, humidity, and cold drafts.

    Predisposing Factors for Chronic Bronchitis

    • Upper respiratory tract infection.
    • Pulmonary congestion such as in heart failure.
    • Bronchial obstruction due to excessive secretions.
    • Smoking.
    • Certain occupations (dusty jobs).
    • Allergy.

    Clinical Manifestations of Chronic Bronchitis

    • Cough that is productive and lasts at least 3 months a year for 2 successive years.
    • Wheezing.
    • Dyspnea.
    • Haemoptysis.
    • Fever, which may or may not be present.
    • Lack of energy.
    • Malaise and headache.

    Medical Diagnosis for Chronic Bronchitis

    • Medical history: ask about cough, breathing problems, and other symptoms.
    • Physical examination.
    • Chest x-ray.
    • Lung or pulmonary function tests (spirometry).
    • Laboratory tests: complete blood cell count (CBC).
    • Culture of sputum.
    • Arterial blood gases (ABG) test.
    • Alpha 1-antitrypsin (AAT) test.
    • Electrocardiogram (ECG) to determine if symptoms are caused by or worsened by a heart problem.

    Nursing Management for Chronic Bronchitis

    • Adequate rest and no smoking.
    • Relieve body aches by taking aspirin.
    • Drink fluids regularly.
    • Follow doctor's instructions on ways to help clear mucus.
    • Note changes in sputum production and cough.
    • Facilitate removal of bronchial exudates (bronchodilators).
    • Antibiotics in bronchitis caused by a bacterial infection.
    • Provide for postural drainage and chest percussion.
    • Provide proper treatment for acute upper respiratory infections.
    • Reduce the risk of getting bronchitis by following preventive measures.

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    Description

    Learn about the essential functions and components of the respiratory system, including the upper respiratory tract anatomy. Explore the airway, lungs, and respiratory muscles, as well as upper airway structures like the nose, sinuses, pharynx, and larynx.

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