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Questions and Answers
What is considered the functional unit of the Lungs?
What is considered the functional unit of the Lungs?
- Cilia
- Bronchi
- Trachea
- Alveoli (correct)
In the respiratory system, diffusion through which connecting vessels occurs based on gradient increases?
In the respiratory system, diffusion through which connecting vessels occurs based on gradient increases?
- Capillary (correct)
- Larynx
- Diaphragm
- Bronchi
Where do central chemoreceptors in the medulla respond to changes in carbon dioxide levels and hydrogen ion concentrations?
Where do central chemoreceptors in the medulla respond to changes in carbon dioxide levels and hydrogen ion concentrations?
- Diaphragm
- Alveoli (correct)
- Lungs
- Trachea
Which structure separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities and is considered one of the accessory structures?
Which structure separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities and is considered one of the accessory structures?
What is the cartilaginous valve flap that covers the opening of the larynx during swallowing?
What is the cartilaginous valve flap that covers the opening of the larynx during swallowing?
Which structures can be found in bones, cartilage, septum, and cilia?
Which structures can be found in bones, cartilage, septum, and cilia?
What is responsible for moving mucus to the back of the throat in the nose?
What is responsible for moving mucus to the back of the throat in the nose?
What is the function of the visceral pleura?
What is the function of the visceral pleura?
Which structure is described as a hollow tube composed of smooth muscles and supported by C-shaped cartilage?
Which structure is described as a hollow tube composed of smooth muscles and supported by C-shaped cartilage?
What controls the rate and depth of ventilation in the body?
What controls the rate and depth of ventilation in the body?
Which term refers to the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide through the alveolar capillary membrane?
Which term refers to the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide through the alveolar capillary membrane?
What is the main function of the epiglottis?
What is the main function of the epiglottis?
In respiratory physiology, what results from poor ventilation, poor diffusion, and poor perfusion?
In respiratory physiology, what results from poor ventilation, poor diffusion, and poor perfusion?
What mechanism adjusts pH in response to CO2 changes from lungs and HCO3 from kidneys?
What mechanism adjusts pH in response to CO2 changes from lungs and HCO3 from kidneys?
What structure in the respiratory system is responsible for gas exchange and considered the functional unit of the Lungs?
What structure in the respiratory system is responsible for gas exchange and considered the functional unit of the Lungs?
Which structure separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities and is one of the accessory structures in the respiratory system?
Which structure separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities and is one of the accessory structures in the respiratory system?
What is the name of the paired elastic structures enclosed by the thoracic cage in the respiratory system?
What is the name of the paired elastic structures enclosed by the thoracic cage in the respiratory system?
Which part of the respiratory system responds to changes in carbon dioxide levels and hydrogen ion concentrations in the cerebrospinal fluid?
Which part of the respiratory system responds to changes in carbon dioxide levels and hydrogen ion concentrations in the cerebrospinal fluid?
What structures can be found in bones, cartilage, septum, and cilia within the respiratory system?
What structures can be found in bones, cartilage, septum, and cilia within the respiratory system?
During inspiration, which gas has a higher concentration in the alveoli than it does in the capillaries?
During inspiration, which gas has a higher concentration in the alveoli than it does in the capillaries?
What part of the respiratory system serves as a connection between arteries and veins for diffusion to occur?
What part of the respiratory system serves as a connection between arteries and veins for diffusion to occur?
Which structure in the respiratory system bifurcates at the carina to form left and right bronchi?
Which structure in the respiratory system bifurcates at the carina to form left and right bronchi?
What fine hairs found in the nose are responsible for moving mucus to the back of the throat?
What fine hairs found in the nose are responsible for moving mucus to the back of the throat?
What is the term for two external openings that admit air to the lungs and smell to the olfactory nerves?
What is the term for two external openings that admit air to the lungs and smell to the olfactory nerves?
What is the main function of respiration?
What is the main function of respiration?
What is the term for the circulation that is responsible for gas exchange in the lungs?
What is the term for the circulation that is responsible for gas exchange in the lungs?
What does hyperventilation lead to in terms of blood chemistry?
What does hyperventilation lead to in terms of blood chemistry?
Which structure closes over the trachea to prevent swallowing food?
Which structure closes over the trachea to prevent swallowing food?
What term refers to a decreased level of oxygen in the blood?
What term refers to a decreased level of oxygen in the blood?
What mechanism adjusts pH levels in response to changes in CO2 from the lungs and bicarbonate from the kidneys?
What mechanism adjusts pH levels in response to changes in CO2 from the lungs and bicarbonate from the kidneys?
Which method provides blood supply to the trachea and bronchi?
Which method provides blood supply to the trachea and bronchi?
What structure is described as a cartilaginous valve flap that covers the opening of the larynx during swallowing?
What structure is described as a cartilaginous valve flap that covers the opening of the larynx during swallowing?
Within the respiratory system, which structures are responsible for gas exchange and considered the functional unit of the Lungs?
Within the respiratory system, which structures are responsible for gas exchange and considered the functional unit of the Lungs?
What is the term for the two external openings that admit air to the lungs and smell to the olfactory nerves?
What is the term for the two external openings that admit air to the lungs and smell to the olfactory nerves?
Which one-cell single layer acts as a connection between arteries and veins for diffusion to occur based on gradient increases in the respiratory system?
Which one-cell single layer acts as a connection between arteries and veins for diffusion to occur based on gradient increases in the respiratory system?
What is the name of the structure that separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities and is considered one of the accessory structures in the respiratory system?
What is the name of the structure that separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities and is considered one of the accessory structures in the respiratory system?
During inspiration, which gas has a higher concentration in the alveoli than it does in the capillaries?
During inspiration, which gas has a higher concentration in the alveoli than it does in the capillaries?
Which structure responds to changes in carbon dioxide levels and hydrogen ion concentrations in the cerebrospinal fluid in the respiratory system?
Which structure responds to changes in carbon dioxide levels and hydrogen ion concentrations in the cerebrospinal fluid in the respiratory system?
What structures are found in bones, cartilage, septum, and cilia within the respiratory system?
What structures are found in bones, cartilage, septum, and cilia within the respiratory system?
Which part of the respiratory system consists of fine hairs that move mucus to the back of the throat?
Which part of the respiratory system consists of fine hairs that move mucus to the back of the throat?
What is responsible for controlling rate and depth of ventilation in the body?
What is responsible for controlling rate and depth of ventilation in the body?
What is the term for the mechanism where the diaphragm contracts and flattens during inspiration?
What is the term for the mechanism where the diaphragm contracts and flattens during inspiration?
Which of the following terms describes the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide through the alveolar capillary membrane?
Which of the following terms describes the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide through the alveolar capillary membrane?
What controls the rate and depth of ventilation in the body?
What controls the rate and depth of ventilation in the body?
What is the main function of the visceral pleura in the respiratory system?
What is the main function of the visceral pleura in the respiratory system?
Which structure is responsible for moving mucus to the back of the throat in the nose?
Which structure is responsible for moving mucus to the back of the throat in the nose?
What is the term for a decreased level of carbon dioxide in the blood?
What is the term for a decreased level of carbon dioxide in the blood?
Which method provides blood supply to the trachea and bronchi in the respiratory system?
Which method provides blood supply to the trachea and bronchi in the respiratory system?
'Alveolar Respiration' involves adjusting pH levels by two mechanisms: CO$_2$ from lungs and which other component from kidneys?
'Alveolar Respiration' involves adjusting pH levels by two mechanisms: CO$_2$ from lungs and which other component from kidneys?
Which structure is considered as the functional unit of the lungs in the respiratory system?
Which structure is considered as the functional unit of the lungs in the respiratory system?
What is the main function of the epiglottis in the respiratory system?
What is the main function of the epiglottis in the respiratory system?
Which structure is NOT involved in gas exchange in the respiratory system?
Which structure is NOT involved in gas exchange in the respiratory system?
What is the term for a decrease in carbon dioxide levels in the blood?
What is the term for a decrease in carbon dioxide levels in the blood?
Which mechanism is responsible for adjusting pH by reacting to changes in CO2 and hydrogen ion levels from the lungs and kidneys?
Which mechanism is responsible for adjusting pH by reacting to changes in CO2 and hydrogen ion levels from the lungs and kidneys?
What is the main function of the visceral pleura in the respiratory system?
What is the main function of the visceral pleura in the respiratory system?
What structures are considered the functional unit of the Lungs in the respiratory system?
What structures are considered the functional unit of the Lungs in the respiratory system?
Where do central chemoreceptors in the medulla respond to changes in carbon dioxide levels and hydrogen ion concentrations?
Where do central chemoreceptors in the medulla respond to changes in carbon dioxide levels and hydrogen ion concentrations?
What is the main function of the epiglottis in the respiratory system?
What is the main function of the epiglottis in the respiratory system?
Which gas has a higher concentration in the alveoli than it does in the capillaries during inspiration?
Which gas has a higher concentration in the alveoli than it does in the capillaries during inspiration?
What is the term for two external openings that admit air to the lungs and smell to the olfactory nerves?
What is the term for two external openings that admit air to the lungs and smell to the olfactory nerves?
Flashcards
Alveoli
Alveoli
Small sacs at the end of bronchioles where gas exchange occurs; the functional unit of the lungs.
Carina
Carina
The point where the trachea splits into the left and right bronchi.
Capillaries (in lungs)
Capillaries (in lungs)
A single layer of cells acting as a connection between arteries and veins for gas diffusion.
Ventilation
Ventilation
The process of moving air in and out of the lungs.
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Respiratory Centers
Respiratory Centers
Respiratory control centers located in the medulla oblongata and pons that regulate breathing.
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Central Chemoreceptors
Central Chemoreceptors
Receptors in the brain that respond to changes in carbon dioxide and pH levels in cerebrospinal fluid.
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Cilia (in nose)
Cilia (in nose)
Small, hair-like structures that move mucus and trapped particles toward the throat to be swallowed.
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Diaphragm
Diaphragm
Muscle separating thoracic and abdominal cavities, contracts and relaxes to aid breathing.
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Epiglottis
Epiglottis
A cartilaginous flap that covers the larynx during swallowing to prevent food from entering the trachea.
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Lungs
Lungs
Elastic organs enclosed by the thoracic cage where gas exchange occurs.
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Nasal Cavity
Nasal Cavity
The space inside the nose between the nasal bones and the palate.
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Nostrils
Nostrils
External openings in the nose for air intake and sense of smell.
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Inspiration
Inspiration
The process of taking air into the lungs.
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Pharynx
Pharynx
A muscular tube that carries both air and food.
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Pleural Membranes
Pleural Membranes
Membranes that cover the surface of the lungs and line the chest wall, creating a space for lubrication.
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Respiration
Respiration
The general process of gas exchange.
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Trachea
Trachea
A hollow tube supported by C-shaped cartilage rings that carries air to the bronchi.
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Pulmonary Circulation
Pulmonary Circulation
Deliver blood to organs and lungs for gas exchange.
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Hypercapnic Drive
Hypercapnic Drive
High carbon dioxide levels in the body stimulate breathing.
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Larynx
Larynx
The voice box; part of the respiratory system containing the vocal cords.
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Mechanics of Ventilation
Mechanics of Ventilation
Diaphragm contraction and relaxation.
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Alveolar Diffusion
Alveolar Diffusion
Gas exchange across alveolar-capillary membranes based on concentration gradients.
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Alveolar Respiration
Alveolar Respiration
Lungs adjust PH levels using carbonic acid from lungs and serum bicarbonate from kidneys.
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Arterial Blood Gases (ABGs)
Arterial Blood Gases (ABGs)
Arterial blood gases (ABGs) test measures arterial blood to determine oxygen and carbon dioxide levels.
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Respiratory Insufficiency
Respiratory Insufficiency
Poor ventilation, diffusion, and perfusion.
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Hypoxia, Hypoxemia, Hypercapnia, Hypocapnia
Hypoxia, Hypoxemia, Hypercapnia, Hypocapnia
Related to insufficient oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in the blood.
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Causes of Respiratory Problems
Causes of Respiratory Problems
Asthma, smokers, chronic bronchitis, tumors, and fibrosis.
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Decreased Surfactant
Decreased Surfactant
Alveolar collapse (atelectasis).
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Atelectasis
Atelectasis
Collapse of lung tissue.
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Inspiration
Inspiration
Oxygen concentration is higher in alveoli than in capillaries during this process.
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.1 Alveoli are small sacs at the end of bronchioles responsible for gas exchange, the functional unit of the lungs.2 The trachea bifurcates at the carina to form left and right bronchi.3 A single layer of cells act as a connection between arteries and veins for gas diffusion.4 Ventilation is controlled by the respiratory centers in the medulla oblongata and pons, and central chemoreceptors.5 Cilia in the nose move mucus towards the throat.6 The diaphragm separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities, aiding respiration.7 The epiglottis is a cartilaginous valve that blocks the larynx during swallowing.8 Lungs are elastic structures enclosed by the thoracic cage.9 The nasal cavity is the space between the nasal bones and the palate.10 Nostrils are external openings for air intake and smell.11 During inspiration, oxygen concentration is higher in alveoli than in capillaries.12 The pharynx carries air and food.13 Pleural membranes cover the lung surface and chest wall.14 Respiration is the process of exchanging oxygen and carbon dioxide between the atmosphere, blood, and cells.15 The trachea is a hollow tube supported by C-shaped cartilage.16 Circulation supplies blood to different organs and lungs for gas exchange.17 Diaphragm and thoracic cavity expand during deep breaths for gas intake.18 Epiglottis prevents food from entering the trachea during swallowing.19 CO2 level in the body stimulates breathing through hypoxic drive.20 Larynx, a voicebox, has three parts: oral, nasal, and laryngeal.21 Mechanisms of ventilation include diaphragm contraction and relaxation.22 Chemoreceptors in the medulla respond to CO2 and hydrogen ion levels in cerebrospinal fluid.23 Diffusion occurs through alveolar capillary membranes based on concentration gradients.24 Alveolar respiration adjusts PH levels using carbonic acid from lungs and serum bicarbonate from kidneys.25 Arterial blood gases (ABGs) test measures these findings.26 Respiratory insufficiency results in poor ventilation, diffusion, and perfusion.27 Hypoxia, hypoxemia, hypercapnia, and hypocapnia are related to insufficient oxygen and carbon dioxide levels.28 Asthma, smokers, chronic bronchitis, tumors, and fibrosis cause respiratory problems.29 Decreased surfactant and alveolar collapse (atelectasis) are other causes.
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