Module 2 Questions Part 6
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Questions and Answers

What does a spirometer measure?

  • Airflow resistance
  • Alveolar gas exchange rates
  • Blood pressure
  • Lung volumes and capacities (correct)
  • Blood oxygen levels

What is the normal tidal volume for an adult at rest?

  • 100 mL
  • 1,000 mL
  • 500 mL (correct)
  • 1,200 mL
  • 3,000 mL

What does inspiratory reserve volume represent?

  • Dead space volume
  • Air volume inhaled forcefully beyond a tidal inspiration (correct)
  • Air volume exhaled forcefully after a tidal expiration
  • Residual air volume in the lungs after maximum expiration
  • Total lung capacity minus residual volume

Which condition reduces lung compliance?

<p>Pulmonary fibrosis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is residual volume?

<p>Air remaining in lungs after maximal expiration (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which capacity is the sum of tidal volume and inspiratory reserve volume?

<p>Inspiratory capacity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is minute ventilation?

<p>Tidal volume multiplied by respiratory rate (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What contributes to physiological dead space?

<p>Anatomical dead space plus alveoli with impaired gas exchange (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Bohr effect describe?

<p>How pH influences hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Dalton's Law state about gases in a mixture?

<p>Total pressure equals the sum of individual gas pressures. (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition increases the thickness of the respiratory membrane?

<p>Tuberculosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What drives gas movement across the respiratory membrane?

<p>Partial pressure gradients (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which law describes the solubility of gases in liquids?

<p>Henry's Law (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of oxygen is transported by hemoglobin?

<p>98.5% (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of BPG on oxygen release?

<p>Increases oxygen release from hemoglobin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition decreases hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen?

<p>High temperature (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of CO2 is transported as bicarbonate?

<p>70% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during the chloride shift?

<p>Chloride ions enter red blood cells as bicarbonate ions leave. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the Haldane effect?

<p>Increased CO2 binding decreases oxygen loading. (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What respiratory group establishes the basic rhythm of breathing?

<p>Pre-Bötzinger complex (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What triggers hypercapnia?

<p>Increased blood CO2 levels (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What reflex prevents over-inflation of the lungs?

<p>Hering-Breuer reflex (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which brain region controls rhythmic breathing patterns?

<p>Medulla oblongata (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to ventilation during exercise?

<p>Increases abruptly, then gradually (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition results from a deficiency in surfactant?

<p>Infant respiratory distress syndrome (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary driver for ventilation changes in response to blood gas levels?

<p>Carbon dioxide levels (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What causes hypocapnia?

<p>Low blood CO2 levels (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to pH when CO2 levels increase in the blood?

<p>pH decreases (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the highest level of exercise that does not cause significant pH changes?

<p>Anaerobic threshold (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the medullary chemosensitive area primarily monitor?

<p>Carbon dioxide and pH levels (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the pontine respiratory group?

<p>Switch between inspiration and expiration (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which chemoreceptors respond directly to changes in blood oxygen levels?

<p>Peripheral chemoreceptors in carotid and aortic bodies (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What triggers the Hering-Breuer reflex in infants?

<p>Over-inflation of the lungs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of increased temperature on hemoglobin affinity for oxygen?

<p>Decreases oxygen binding (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of hemoglobin has a higher affinity for oxygen than adult hemoglobin?

<p>Fetal hemoglobin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate (BPG) in oxygen transport?

<p>Promotes oxygen release from hemoglobin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the diffusion coefficient for CO2 compared to O2?

<p>20:1 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term "eupnea" refer to?

<p>Normal, rhythmic breathing (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor increases pulmonary ventilation at the onset of exercise?

<p>Limb movement (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to oxygen-hemoglobin saturation at a PO2 of 40 mmHg?

<p>75% saturated (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of CO2 binds to hemoglobin for transport?

<p>23% (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does hypercapnia have on ventilation rate?

<p>Increases rate (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which brainstem center regulates both inspiration and expiration?

<p>Ventral respiratory group (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of carbonic anhydrase in CO2 transport?

<p>Convert CO2 to bicarbonate (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What prevents alveolar collapse during expiration?

<p>Surfactant (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the chloride shift in CO2 transport?

<p>Maintains ionic balance in red blood cells (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is hypoxia?

<p>Low oxygen levels in the blood (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition increases surface area available for gas exchange?

<p>Regular exercise (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to hemoglobin affinity for oxygen as pH decreases?

<p>Decreases affinity (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which reflex is significant during exercise to prevent lung over-inflation?

<p>Hering-Breuer reflex (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Spirometer

A device used to measure lung volumes and capacities.

Tidal Volume

The volume of air inhaled or exhaled during normal, quiet breathing.

Inspiratory Reserve Volume

Additional air that can be inhaled forcefully after a normal inspiration.

What reduces lung compliance?

Pulmonary fibrosis reduces lung compliance. It's a disease where scar tissue forms in the lungs, making them stiff and less able to expand.

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Residual Volume

The volume of air remaining in the lungs after a maximal exhalation.

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Inspiratory Capacity

The sum of tidal volume and inspiratory reserve volume.

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Minute Ventilation

The total volume of air breathed in one minute.

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Physiological Dead Space

The volume of air that is inhaled but does not participate in gas exchange, which includes the anatomical dead space and alveoli with impaired gas exchange.

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Bohr Effect

A change in the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen due to a change in pH.

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Dalton's Law

The total pressure of a mixture of gases is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of each gas in the mixture.

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What increases respiratory membrane thickness?

Tuberculosis increases the thickness of the respiratory membrane, making it harder for gases to diffuse across.

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What drives gas movement across the respiratory membrane?

Partial pressure gradients drive gas movement across the respiratory membrane. Gases move from areas of high partial pressure to low partial pressure.

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Henry's Law

The solubility of a gas in a liquid is proportional to the partial pressure of the gas above the liquid.

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How much oxygen is transported by hemoglobin?

Around 98.5% of oxygen is transported in the blood by hemoglobin.

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BPG effect on oxygen release

2,3-bisphosphoglycerate (BPG) increases oxygen release from hemoglobin.

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What decreases hemoglobin affinity for oxygen?

High temperature decreases hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen, leading to more oxygen release.

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How much CO2 is transported as bicarbonate?

Approximately 70% of CO2 is transported in the blood as bicarbonate.

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Chloride Shift

The exchange of bicarbonate ions for chloride ions across the red blood cell membrane.

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Haldane Effect

Increased CO2 binding to hemoglobin decreases the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen.

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What establishes the breathing rhythm?

The pre-Bötzinger complex in the medulla oblongata establishes the basic rhythm of breathing.

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Hypercapnia

A condition of abnormally high carbon dioxide levels in the blood.

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What prevents over-inflation of the lungs?

The Hering-Breuer reflex prevents over-inflation of the lungs. Lung stretch receptors detect distention and signal the brain to reduce inspiration.

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Which brain region controls breathing?

The medulla oblongata in the brainstem controls rhythmic breathing patterns.

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Ventilation during exercise

Ventilation increases abruptly at the onset of exercise, then gradually increases further as exercise intensity increases.

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What causes infant respiratory distress syndrome?

A deficiency in surfactant causes infant respiratory distress syndrome. Surfactant helps keep alveoli open and prevents them from collapsing.

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Primary driver of ventilation changes in response to blood gas levels

Carbon dioxide levels in the blood are the primary driver for ventilation changes. Increases in CO2 stimulate the respiratory center to increase ventilation.

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Hypocapnia

A condition of abnormally low carbon dioxide levels in the blood.

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What happens to pH when CO2 increases?

When CO2 levels increase in the blood, pH decreases, meaning the blood becomes more acidic.

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Anaerobic Threshold

The highest exercise intensity that can be sustained without causing significant changes in blood pH.

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Medullary chemosensitive area monitors

The medullary chemosensitive area monitors carbon dioxide and pH levels in the blood.

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Primary function of the pontine respiratory group

The pontine respiratory group helps switch between inspiration and expiration during breathing.

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Which chemoreceptors detect changes in blood oxygen?

Peripheral chemoreceptors in the carotid and aortic bodies respond directly to changes in blood oxygen levels.

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Hering-Breuer reflex in infants

The Hering-Breuer reflex is triggered in infants by over-inflation of the lungs. It helps prevent over-inflation and ensures regular breathing.

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Increased temperature effect on hemoglobin affinity

Increased temperature decreases hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen, leading to more oxygen release.

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What hemoglobin has higher affinity for oxygen than adult hemoglobin?

Fetal hemoglobin has a higher affinity for oxygen than adult hemoglobin, allowing it to obtain oxygen more readily from the maternal blood.

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Role of BPG in oxygen transport

2,3-bisphosphoglycerate (BPG) promotes oxygen release from hemoglobin, helping to deliver oxygen to tissues that need it.

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CO2 diffusion coefficient compared to O2

Carbon dioxide has a diffusion coefficient approximately 20 times higher than oxygen, meaning it diffuses across membranes much faster.

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Eupnea

Normal, quiet breathing.

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Factor increasing ventilation at the onset of exercise

Limb movement is a key factor that increases pulmonary ventilation at the onset of exercise.

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Oxygen-hemoglobin saturation at PO2 of 40 mmHg

At a partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) of 40 mmHg, hemoglobin is approximately 75% saturated with oxygen.

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What percentage of CO2 binds to hemoglobin?

Approximately 23% of CO2 is transported bound to hemoglobin.

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Hypercapnia's effect on ventilation rate

Hypercapnia (high CO2 levels) increases ventilation rate. The body tries to expel excess CO2 by breathing faster.

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What brainstem center regulates both inspiration and expiration?

The ventral respiratory group (VRG) in the medulla oblongata regulates both inspiration and expiration.

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Primary function of carbonic anhydrase in CO2 transport

Carbonic anhydrase converts CO2 into bicarbonate in red blood cells, facilitating CO2 transport.

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What prevents alveolar collapse during expiration?

Surfactant, a substance that reduces surface tension in the alveoli, helps prevent alveolar collapse during expiration.

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Significance of the chloride shift in CO2 transport

The chloride shift helps maintain ionic balance in red blood cells as bicarbonate ions are exchanged for chloride ions.

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Hypoxia

Hypoxia is a condition of insufficient oxygen in the blood.

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What increases surface area for gas exchange?

Regular exercise increases the surface area available for gas exchange in the lungs. This improves the efficiency of gas exchange.

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Hemoglobin affinity for oxygen as pH decreases

As pH decreases (becomes more acidic), hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen decreases, causing more oxygen release.

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Reflex preventing lung over-inflation during exercise

The Hering-Breuer reflex is significant during exercise to prevent lung over-inflation. Lung stretch receptors signal the brain to reduce inspiration.

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Study Notes

Spirometry

  • Measures lung volumes and capacities
  • Does not measure blood oxygen levels, airflow resistance, alveolar gas exchange rates, or blood pressure.

Tidal Volume

  • Normal tidal volume for adults at rest is 500 mL.

Inspiratory Reserve Volume

  • Represents the air volume inhaled forcefully beyond a tidal inspiration.

Lung Compliance

  • Conditions that reduce lung compliance include pulmonary fibrosis.

Residual Volume

  • The air remaining in the lungs after maximal expiration.

Functional Residual Capacity

  • Sum of tidal volume and inspiratory reserve volume

Minute Ventilation

  • Tidal volume multiplied by respiratory rate

Physiological Dead Space

  • Anatomical dead space plus alveoli with impaired gas exchange.

Bohr Effect

  • Describes how pH influences hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen.
  • Not about carbon dioxide conversion, surfactant, nitrogen diffusion, or medulla regulation.

Dalton's Law

  • States total pressure equals the sum of individual gas pressures in a mixture.

Respiratory Membrane Thickness

  • Tuberculosis increases the respiratory membrane thickness.

Gas Movement

  • Driven by partial pressure gradients across the respiratory membrane.
  • Not by gas solubility coefficients, membrane thickness, surface area of alveoli, or hemoglobin concentration

Henry's Law

  • Describes how gases dissolve in liquids.
  • Not about Dalton's Law, Boyle's Law, Charles's Law or Laplace's Law

Oxygen Transport by Hemoglobin

  • Approximately 98.5% of oxygen is transported by hemoglobin

BPG (2,3-Bisphosphoglycerate)

  • Promotes oxygen release from hemoglobin.

CO2 Diffusion Coefficient

  • Approximately 20 times lower than O2 diffusion coefficient

High Temperature

  • Decreases hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen

Percentage of CO2 Transport as Bicarbonate

  • 70%

Chloride Shift

  • Chloride ions move into red blood cells as bicarbonate ions leave.

Haldane Effect

  • Increased CO2 binding decreases oxygen loading

Respiratory Regulation

  • Pre-Botzinger complex establishes the basic rhythm of breathing.

Hypercapnia

  • Increased blood CO2 levels cause it.

Over-inflation Prevention

  • Hering-Breuer reflex prevents over-inflation of lungs in infants.

Breathing during Exercise

  • Ventilation initially decreases gradually, then abruptly increases, matching exercise intensity.

Surfactant Deficiency

  • Causes infant respiratory distress syndrome

Primary Ventilation Driver

  • Carbon dioxide levels are primary driver of ventilation changes in response to blood gas levels.

Hypocapnia

  • Low blood CO2 levels cause hypocapnia

CO2 In Blood

  • CO2 levels increase in pH

Anaerobic Threshold

  • Highest level of exercise, without significant pH changes

Medullary Chemosensitive Area

  • Primarily monitors carbon dioxide and pH levels.

Pontine Respiratory Group

  • Switches between inspiration and expiration

Chemoreceptors in Oxygen Levels

  • Peripheral chemoreceptors (carotid and aortic bodies) detect changes in blood oxygen levels.

Hemoglobin Affinity and Temperature

  • Increased temperature decreases hemoglobin affinity for oxygen.

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Module 2 Questions Part 6 PDF

Description

Test your knowledge on key concepts of spirometry and lung volumes. This quiz covers definitions such as tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, and the effects of pH on hemoglobin's oxygen affinity. Challenge yourself and enhance your understanding of respiratory physiology.

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