Module 2 Questions Part 6
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Questions and Answers

What does a spirometer measure?

  • Airflow resistance
  • Alveolar gas exchange rates
  • Blood pressure
  • Lung volumes and capacities (correct)
  • Blood oxygen levels

    • What is the normal tidal volume for an adult at rest?

  • 100 mL
  • 1,000 mL
  • 500 mL (correct)
  • 1,200 mL
  • 3,000 mL

    • What does inspiratory reserve volume represent?

  • Dead space volume
  • Air volume inhaled forcefully beyond a tidal inspiration (correct)
  • Air volume exhaled forcefully after a tidal expiration
  • Residual air volume in the lungs after maximum expiration
  • Total lung capacity minus residual volume

    • Which condition reduces lung compliance?

    <p>Pulmonary fibrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is residual volume?

    <p>Air remaining in lungs after maximal expiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which capacity is the sum of tidal volume and inspiratory reserve volume?

    <p>Inspiratory capacity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is minute ventilation?

    <p>Tidal volume multiplied by respiratory rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What contributes to physiological dead space?

    <p>Anatomical dead space plus alveoli with impaired gas exchange</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Bohr effect describe?

    <p>How pH influences hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Dalton's Law state about gases in a mixture?

    <p>Total pressure equals the sum of individual gas pressures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition increases the thickness of the respiratory membrane?

    <p>Tuberculosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What drives gas movement across the respiratory membrane?

    <p>Partial pressure gradients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which law describes the solubility of gases in liquids?

    <p>Henry's Law</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of oxygen is transported by hemoglobin?

    <p>98.5%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of BPG on oxygen release?

    <p>Increases oxygen release from hemoglobin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition decreases hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen?

    <p>High temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of CO2 is transported as bicarbonate?

    <p>70%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during the chloride shift?

    <p>Chloride ions enter red blood cells as bicarbonate ions leave.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Haldane effect?

    <p>Increased CO2 binding decreases oxygen loading.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What respiratory group establishes the basic rhythm of breathing?

    <p>Pre-Bötzinger complex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers hypercapnia?

    <p>Increased blood CO2 levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What reflex prevents over-inflation of the lungs?

    <p>Hering-Breuer reflex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which brain region controls rhythmic breathing patterns?

    <p>Medulla oblongata</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to ventilation during exercise?

    <p>Increases abruptly, then gradually</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition results from a deficiency in surfactant?

    <p>Infant respiratory distress syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary driver for ventilation changes in response to blood gas levels?

    <p>Carbon dioxide levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes hypocapnia?

    <p>Low blood CO2 levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to pH when CO2 levels increase in the blood?

    <p>pH decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the highest level of exercise that does not cause significant pH changes?

    <p>Anaerobic threshold</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the medullary chemosensitive area primarily monitor?

    <p>Carbon dioxide and pH levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the pontine respiratory group?

    <p>Switch between inspiration and expiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which chemoreceptors respond directly to changes in blood oxygen levels?

    <p>Peripheral chemoreceptors in carotid and aortic bodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the Hering-Breuer reflex in infants?

    <p>Over-inflation of the lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of increased temperature on hemoglobin affinity for oxygen?

    <p>Decreases oxygen binding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of hemoglobin has a higher affinity for oxygen than adult hemoglobin?

    <p>Fetal hemoglobin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate (BPG) in oxygen transport?

    <p>Promotes oxygen release from hemoglobin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the diffusion coefficient for CO2 compared to O2?

    <p>20:1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term "eupnea" refer to?

    <p>Normal, rhythmic breathing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor increases pulmonary ventilation at the onset of exercise?

    <p>Limb movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to oxygen-hemoglobin saturation at a PO2 of 40 mmHg?

    <p>75% saturated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of CO2 binds to hemoglobin for transport?

    <p>23%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does hypercapnia have on ventilation rate?

    <p>Increases rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which brainstem center regulates both inspiration and expiration?

    <p>Ventral respiratory group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of carbonic anhydrase in CO2 transport?

    <p>Convert CO2 to bicarbonate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What prevents alveolar collapse during expiration?

    <p>Surfactant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the chloride shift in CO2 transport?

    <p>Maintains ionic balance in red blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is hypoxia?

    <p>Low oxygen levels in the blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition increases surface area available for gas exchange?

    <p>Regular exercise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to hemoglobin affinity for oxygen as pH decreases?

    <p>Decreases affinity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which reflex is significant during exercise to prevent lung over-inflation?

    <p>Hering-Breuer reflex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Spirometry

    • Measures lung volumes and capacities
    • Does not measure blood oxygen levels, airflow resistance, alveolar gas exchange rates, or blood pressure.

    Tidal Volume

    • Normal tidal volume for adults at rest is 500 mL.

    Inspiratory Reserve Volume

    • Represents the air volume inhaled forcefully beyond a tidal inspiration.

    Lung Compliance

    • Conditions that reduce lung compliance include pulmonary fibrosis.

    Residual Volume

    • The air remaining in the lungs after maximal expiration.

    Functional Residual Capacity

    • Sum of tidal volume and inspiratory reserve volume

    Minute Ventilation

    • Tidal volume multiplied by respiratory rate

    Physiological Dead Space

    • Anatomical dead space plus alveoli with impaired gas exchange.

    Bohr Effect

    • Describes how pH influences hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen.
    • Not about carbon dioxide conversion, surfactant, nitrogen diffusion, or medulla regulation.

    Dalton's Law

    • States total pressure equals the sum of individual gas pressures in a mixture.

    Respiratory Membrane Thickness

    • Tuberculosis increases the respiratory membrane thickness.

    Gas Movement

    • Driven by partial pressure gradients across the respiratory membrane.
    • Not by gas solubility coefficients, membrane thickness, surface area of alveoli, or hemoglobin concentration

    Henry's Law

    • Describes how gases dissolve in liquids.
    • Not about Dalton's Law, Boyle's Law, Charles's Law or Laplace's Law

    Oxygen Transport by Hemoglobin

    • Approximately 98.5% of oxygen is transported by hemoglobin

    BPG (2,3-Bisphosphoglycerate)

    • Promotes oxygen release from hemoglobin.

    CO2 Diffusion Coefficient

    • Approximately 20 times lower than O2 diffusion coefficient

    High Temperature

    • Decreases hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen

    Percentage of CO2 Transport as Bicarbonate

    • 70%

    Chloride Shift

    • Chloride ions move into red blood cells as bicarbonate ions leave.

    Haldane Effect

    • Increased CO2 binding decreases oxygen loading

    Respiratory Regulation

    • Pre-Botzinger complex establishes the basic rhythm of breathing.

    Hypercapnia

    • Increased blood CO2 levels cause it.

    Over-inflation Prevention

    • Hering-Breuer reflex prevents over-inflation of lungs in infants.

    Breathing during Exercise

    • Ventilation initially decreases gradually, then abruptly increases, matching exercise intensity.

    Surfactant Deficiency

    • Causes infant respiratory distress syndrome

    Primary Ventilation Driver

    • Carbon dioxide levels are primary driver of ventilation changes in response to blood gas levels.

    Hypocapnia

    • Low blood CO2 levels cause hypocapnia

    CO2 In Blood

    • CO2 levels increase in pH

    Anaerobic Threshold

    • Highest level of exercise, without significant pH changes

    Medullary Chemosensitive Area

    • Primarily monitors carbon dioxide and pH levels.

    Pontine Respiratory Group

    • Switches between inspiration and expiration

    Chemoreceptors in Oxygen Levels

    • Peripheral chemoreceptors (carotid and aortic bodies) detect changes in blood oxygen levels.

    Hemoglobin Affinity and Temperature

    • Increased temperature decreases hemoglobin affinity for oxygen.

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    Module 2 Questions Part 6 PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on key concepts of spirometry and lung volumes. This quiz covers definitions such as tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, and the effects of pH on hemoglobin's oxygen affinity. Challenge yourself and enhance your understanding of respiratory physiology.

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