Module 2 Questions Part 6 PDF

**1. What does a spirometer measure?** a\) Blood oxygen levels\ b) Airflow resistance\ c) Lung volumes and capacities\ d) Alveolar gas exchange rates\ e) Blood pressure **Answer:** c) Lung volumes and capacities **2. What is the normal tidal volume for an adult at rest?** a\) 100 mL\ b) 500 mL\...

**1. What does a spirometer measure?** a\) Blood oxygen levels\ b) Airflow resistance\ c) Lung volumes and capacities\ d) Alveolar gas exchange rates\ e) Blood pressure **Answer:** c) Lung volumes and capacities **2. What is the normal tidal volume for an adult at rest?** a\) 100 mL\ b) 500 mL\ c) 1,000 mL\ d) 1,200 mL\ e) 3,000 mL **Answer:** b) 500 mL **3. What does inspiratory reserve volume represent?** a\) Air volume exhaled forcefully after a tidal expiration\ b) Air volume inhaled forcefully beyond a tidal inspiration\ c) Residual air volume in the lungs after maximum expiration\ d) Total lung capacity minus residual volume\ e) Dead space volume **Answer:** b) Air volume inhaled forcefully beyond a tidal inspiration **4. Which condition reduces lung compliance?** a\) Emphysema\ b) Asthma\ c) Pulmonary fibrosis\ d) Bronchitis\ e) Exercise **Answer:** c) Pulmonary fibrosis **5. What is residual volume?** a\) Volume of air inhaled during quiet breathing\ b) Volume of air forcefully exhaled after a tidal expiration\ c) Air remaining in lungs after maximal expiration\ d) Total air moved in one minute\ e) Volume of anatomical dead space **Answer:** c) Air remaining in lungs after maximal expiration **6. Which capacity is the sum of tidal volume and inspiratory reserve volume?** a\) Functional residual capacity\ b) Vital capacity\ c) Total lung capacity\ d) Inspiratory capacity\ e) Residual capacity **Answer:** d) Inspiratory capacity **7. What is minute ventilation?** a\) Tidal volume multiplied by respiratory rate\ b) Functional residual capacity minus dead space\ c) Inspiratory capacity minus expiratory reserve volume\ d) Residual volume plus alveolar ventilation\ e) Alveolar ventilation multiplied by oxygen saturation **Answer:** a) Tidal volume multiplied by respiratory rate **8. What contributes to physiological dead space?** a\) Functional residual capacity\ b) Anatomical dead space plus alveoli with impaired gas exchange\ c) Total lung capacity minus residual volume\ d) Air in the pleural cavity\ e) Alveoli filled with surfactant **Answer:** b) Anatomical dead space plus alveoli with impaired gas exchange **9. What does the Bohr effect describe?** a\) How pH influences hemoglobin\'s affinity for oxygen\ b) How carbon dioxide is converted to bicarbonate\ c) How surfactant reduces surface tension\ d) How nitrogen diffuses in the blood\ e) How the medulla regulates breathing **Answer:** a) How pH influences hemoglobin\'s affinity for oxygen **10. What does Dalton's Law state about gases in a mixture?** a\) Total pressure equals the sum of individual gas pressures.\ b) Gases dissolve in liquids proportional to their solubility coefficient.\ c) Oxygen diffuses faster than carbon dioxide.\ d) Gas movement is independent of partial pressures.\ e) Gas exchange only occurs at equilibrium. **Answer:** a) Total pressure equals the sum of individual gas pressures. **11. What condition increases the thickness of the respiratory membrane?** a\) Emphysema\ b) Asthma\ c) Tuberculosis\ d) Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)\ e) Hyperventilation **Answer:** c) Tuberculosis **12. What drives gas movement across the respiratory membrane?** a\) Gas solubility coefficients\ b) Partial pressure gradients\ c) Membrane thickness\ d) Surface area of alveoli\ e) Hemoglobin concentration **Answer:** b) Partial pressure gradients **13. Which law describes the solubility of gases in liquids?** a\) Dalton's Law\ b) Henry's Law\ c) Boyle's Law\ d) Charles's Law\ e) Laplace's Law **Answer:** b) Henry's Law **14. What percentage of oxygen is transported by hemoglobin?** a\) 50%\ b) 75%\ c) 85%\ d) 98.5%\ e) 100% **Answer:** d) 98.5% **15. What is the effect of BPG on oxygen release?** a\) Increases oxygen binding to hemoglobin\ b) Increases oxygen release from hemoglobin\ c) Decreases CO2 transport\ d) Stabilizes alveolar pressure\ e) Prevents hemoglobin saturation **Answer:** b) Increases oxygen release from hemoglobin **16. What condition decreases hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen?** a\) High pH\ b) Low CO2 levels\ c) High temperature\ d) Low blood pressure\ e) High oxygen levels **Answer:** c) High temperature **17. What percentage of CO2 is transported as bicarbonate?** a\) 7%\ b) 23%\ c) 50%\ d) 70%\ e) 100% **Answer:** d) 70% **18. What occurs during the chloride shift?** a\) Chloride ions exit red blood cells during oxygen loading.\ b) Bicarbonate ions enter red blood cells as CO2 diffuses out.\ c) Chloride ions enter red blood cells as bicarbonate ions leave.\ d) Hydrogen ions are exchanged for chloride ions.\ e) Chloride ions buffer pH in plasma. **Answer:** c) Chloride ions enter red blood cells as bicarbonate ions leave. **19. What is the Haldane effect?** a\) Increased oxygen loading decreases CO2 binding.\ b) Increased CO2 binding decreases oxygen loading.\ c) Hemoglobin preferentially binds CO2 at low pH.\ d) CO2 diffuses faster than oxygen.\ e) O2 decreases hemoglobin affinity for CO2. **Answer:** b) Increased CO2 binding decreases oxygen loading. **20. What respiratory group establishes the basic rhythm of breathing?** a\) Ventral respiratory group (VRG)\ b) Dorsal respiratory group (DRG)\ c) Pontine respiratory group\ d) Pre-Bötzinger complex\ e) Chemoreceptor group **Answer:** d) Pre-Bötzinger complex **21. What triggers hypercapnia?** a\) Low oxygen levels\ b) Increased blood CO2 levels\ c) Decreased hemoglobin affinity\ d) Low blood pH\ e) Increased metabolic rate **Answer:** b) Increased blood CO2 levels **22. What reflex prevents over-inflation of the lungs?** a\) Bohr reflex\ b) Haldane reflex\ c) Hering-Breuer reflex\ d) Pulmonary stretch reflex\ e) Hyperventilation reflex **Answer:** c) Hering-Breuer reflex **23. Which brain region controls rhythmic breathing patterns?** a\) Cerebellum\ b) Medulla oblongata\ c) Hypothalamus\ d) Thalamus\ e) Cerebrum **Answer:** b) Medulla oblongata **24. What happens to ventilation during exercise?** a\) Decreases gradually\ b) Increases abruptly, then gradually\ c) Remains unchanged\ d) Decreases due to oxygen saturation\ e) Matches heart rate changes **Answer:** b) Increases abruptly, then gradually **25. Which condition results from a deficiency in surfactant?** a\) Emphysema\ b) Infant respiratory distress syndrome\ c) Chronic bronchitis\ d) Asthma\ e) Pulmonary fibrosis **Answer:** b) Infant respiratory distress syndrome **26. What is the primary driver for ventilation changes in response to blood gas levels?** a\) Oxygen levels\ b) Carbon dioxide levels\ c) Hemoglobin concentration\ d) Blood volume\ e) Respiratory dead space **Answer:** b) Carbon dioxide levels **27. What causes hypocapnia?** a\) Low oxygen levels\ b) Low blood CO2 levels\ c) Increased metabolic activity\ d) High hemoglobin saturation\ e) Decreased ventilation **Answer:** b) Low blood CO2 levels **28. What happens to pH when CO2 levels increase in the blood?** a\) pH increases\ b) pH decreases\ c) pH remains constant\ d) Hemoglobin levels drop\ e) Oxygen saturation increases **Answer:** b) pH decreases **29. What term describes the highest level of exercise that does not cause significant pH changes?** a\) Respiratory threshold\ b) Anaerobic threshold\ c) Aerobic maximum\ d) Hyperventilation point\ e) Critical exercise limit **Answer:** b) Anaerobic threshold **30. What does the medullary chemosensitive area primarily monitor?** a\) Blood pressure changes\ b) Carbon dioxide and pH levels\ c) Oxygen saturation\ d) Hemoglobin binding\ e) Dead space ventilation **Answer:** b) Carbon dioxide and pH levels **31. What is the primary purpose of the pontine respiratory group?** a\) Establish basic rhythm of breathing\ b) Switch between inspiration and expiration\ c) Regulate blood gas diffusion\ d) Respond to hypoxia\ e) Control hemoglobin saturation **Answer:** b) Switch between inspiration and expiration **32. Which chemoreceptors respond directly to changes in blood oxygen levels?** a\) Central chemoreceptors in the medulla\ b) Peripheral chemoreceptors in carotid and aortic bodies\ c) Pulmonary stretch receptors\ d) Respiratory mechanoreceptors\ e) Chemosensitive neurons in the pons **Answer:** b) Peripheral chemoreceptors in carotid and aortic bodies **33. What triggers the Hering-Breuer reflex in infants?** a\) Hypoxia\ b) High CO2 levels\ c) Over-inflation of the lungs\ d) Collapse of the alveoli\ e) Surfactant deficiency **Answer:** c) Over-inflation of the lungs **34. What is the effect of increased temperature on hemoglobin affinity for oxygen?** a\) Increases oxygen binding\ b) Decreases oxygen release\ c) Decreases oxygen binding\ d) Prevents CO2 diffusion\ e) Inhibits pH changes **Answer:** c) Decreases oxygen binding **35. What type of hemoglobin has a higher affinity for oxygen than adult hemoglobin?** a\) Sickle cell hemoglobin\ b) Fetal hemoglobin\ c) Embryonic hemoglobin\ d) Maternal hemoglobin\ e) Myoglobin **Answer:** b) Fetal hemoglobin **36. What is the role of 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate (BPG) in oxygen transport?** a\) Increases hemoglobin\'s affinity for oxygen\ b) Promotes oxygen release from hemoglobin\ c) Decreases oxygen saturation\ d) Prevents CO2 binding\ e) Stabilizes alveolar pressure **Answer:** b) Promotes oxygen release from hemoglobin **37. What is the diffusion coefficient for CO2 compared to O2?** a\) 1:1\ b) 2:1\ c) 20:1\ d) 40:1\ e) 10:1 **Answer:** c) 20:1 **38. What does the term \"eupnea\" refer to?** a\) Labored breathing\ b) Deep, irregular breathing\ c) Normal, rhythmic breathing\ d) Shallow, rapid breathing\ e) Apnea following expiration **Answer:** c) Normal, rhythmic breathing **39. What factor increases pulmonary ventilation at the onset of exercise?** a\) Hypoxia\ b) CO2 buildup\ c) Limb movement\ d) Decreased blood pH\ e) Reduced respiratory dead space **Answer:** c) Limb movement **40. What happens to oxygen-hemoglobin saturation at a PO2 of 40 mmHg?** a\) 50% saturated\ b) 60% saturated\ c) 75% saturated\ d) 90% saturated\ e) 100% saturated **Answer:** c) 75% saturated **41. What percentage of CO2 binds to hemoglobin for transport?** a\) 7%\ b) 23%\ c) 50%\ d) 70%\ e) 90% **Answer:** b) 23% **42. What effect does hypercapnia have on ventilation rate?** a\) Increases rate\ b) Decreases rate\ c) No change in rate\ d) Causes apnea\ e) Reduces dead space **Answer:** a) Increases rate **43. Which brainstem center regulates both inspiration and expiration?** a\) Pre-Bötzinger complex\ b) Ventral respiratory group\ c) Pontine respiratory group\ d) Dorsal respiratory group\ e) Chemosensitive area **Answer:** b) Ventral respiratory group **44. What is the primary function of carbonic anhydrase in CO2 transport?** a\) Bind CO2 to hemoglobin\ b) Convert CO2 to bicarbonate\ c) Enhance alveolar gas exchange\ d) Stabilize blood pH\ e) Diffuse CO2 across membranes **Answer:** b) Convert CO2 to bicarbonate **45. What prevents alveolar collapse during expiration?** a\) Elastic recoil\ b) Surfactant\ c) Increased dead space\ d) Pleural pressure\ e) Hemoglobin saturation **Answer:** b) Surfactant **46. What is the significance of the chloride shift in CO2 transport?** a\) Buffers blood pH\ b) Promotes oxygen release\ c) Maintains ionic balance in red blood cells\ d) Prevents CO2 from binding to hemoglobin\ e) Reduces bicarbonate ion production **Answer:** c) Maintains ionic balance in red blood cells **47. What is hypoxia?** a\) Low oxygen levels in the blood\ b) High carbon dioxide levels in tissues\ c) Increased oxygen saturation\ d) Decreased ventilation rate\ e) High blood pH **Answer:** a) Low oxygen levels in the blood **48. Which condition increases surface area available for gas exchange?** a\) Emphysema\ b) Pulmonary fibrosis\ c) Lung cancer\ d) Regular exercise\ e) Chronic bronchitis **Answer:** d) Regular exercise **49. What happens to hemoglobin affinity for oxygen as pH decreases?** a\) Increases affinity\ b) Decreases affinity\ c) Remains constant\ d) Enhances CO2 binding\ e) Stabilizes oxygen saturation **Answer:** b) Decreases affinity **50. Which reflex is significant during exercise to prevent lung over-inflation?** a\) Bohr effect\ b) Haldane effect\ c) Hering-Breuer reflex\ d) Hyperventilation reflex\ e) Pulmonary stretch reflex **Answer:** c) Hering-Breuer reflex