45 Questions
What is the primary function of the respiratory system?
To supply blood to the lungs
What is ventilation in the context of respiration?
Movement of air in and out of the lungs
What is the function of perfusion in respiration?
Blood flow throughout the body
What is diffusion in the context of respiration?
Gas exchange between the lungs and bloodstream
What is the direction of blood flow in the pulmonary artery?
Away from the heart
What is the difference between pulmonary circulation and systemic circulation?
Pulmonary circulation is deoxygenated while systemic circulation is oxygenated
What is the direction of blood flow in the pulmonary veins?
Towards the heart
What is the function of the pulmonary veins?
Carry oxygenated blood towards the heart
In the pulmonary and systemic circulation, what does the term 'artery' refer to?
Blood movement away from the heart
What is the abbreviation for Pulmonary Vascular Resistance?
PVR
What is the term for the ratio of ventilation to perfusion in the lungs?
VA/Q
What is the name of the law that describes the rate of gas diffusion?
Fick's Law of Diffusion
What is the term for the partial pressure of oxygen in the blood?
PO2
What is the name of the disease characterized by chronic obstruction of airflow?
COPD
What is the term for the movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and bloodstream?
Gas Exchange
What is the term for the blood flow to the lungs?
Pulmonary Blood Flow
What is the term for the pressure of oxygen in the alveoli?
PALO2
What is the term for the movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide within the bloodstream?
Transport of O2 and CO2
What is the purpose of calculating Pulmonary Vascular Resistance (PVR)?
To assess the amount of work the right ventricle has to do
What is the formula to calculate Pulmonary Vascular Resistance (PVR)?
(PPA - PLA) / Q
What is the unit of measurement for Pulmonary Vascular Resistance (PVR)?
mmHg/L/min
What is the effect of high Pulmonary Vascular Resistance (PVR) on the right ventricle?
It increases the amount of work the right ventricle has to do
What is one of the factors that affects Pulmonary Vascular Resistance (PVR)?
Alveolar pressure
What is the difference in pressure required to produce a flow of 1 L/min through the pulmonary circulation, according to the example?
1.2 mmHg
What is necessary for blood to flow through the pulmonary circulation?
A difference in pressure between the artery and veins
What type of circulation is the pulmonary circulation?
Pulsatile
What is the effect of gravity on the pulmonary circulation in an erect posture?
More blood flow in zone 3
What is the pattern of blood flow in normal upright persons at rest?
Increases from the apex to the base of the lung
What is the characteristic of Zone 1 in the lungs?
High alveolar pressure results in constricted vessels and little to no blood flow
What is the effect of the waterfall phenomenon in Zone 2?
Intermittent blood flow due to the damming effect
What is the characteristic of blood flow in Zone 3?
Continuous blood flow due to dilated vessels
What is the main reason for the difference in blood flow between Zone 1 and Zone 3?
Difference in alveolar pressure
What is the blood supply to the apical portion of the lung in Zone 1?
Bronchial arteries
What happens to the capillaries in Zone 2?
They are constricted due to increased alveolar pressure
What is the relationship between the arterial and alveolar pressure in Zone 2?
Arterial pressure is sometimes greater than and sometimes less than alveolar pressure
What is the result of the damming effect in Zone 2?
Spillover of blood from the arterial to the venous end
Which of the following is a consequence of ventilation-perfusion mismatching?
Reduced arterial oxygen tension
What is the primary reason for impaired O2 diffusion compared to CO2 diffusion?
Greater diffusion coefficient of CO2
Which of the following is a hallmark of abnormal O2 exchange?
Increased AaDO2
What is the primary factor in determining O2 delivery to the tissues?
Amount of O2 delivered in the lungs
What is the term for insufficient O2 in tissues to carry out normal metabolic functions?
Hypoxia
What is the type of hypoxia characterized by reduced available O2 from the atmosphere?
Hypoxic hypoxia
What is the primary cause of anemic hypoxia?
Decreased O2 carrying capacity
Which of the following is a characteristic of anatomical shunt?
No significant change in PaO2 response to 100% O2
Which of the following is a type of hypoxia caused by slow blood flow?
Ischemic or stagnant hypoxia
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