Respiratory Physiology Course Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary goal of respiration?

To provide oxygen to tissues and remove carbon dioxide (correct)

To eliminate oxygen from the body

To increase lung capacity

To filter and warm the air

Which components are part of the upper respiratory system?

Alveoli and alveolar ducts

Lungs and bronchi

Trachea and bronchioles

Nose, nasal cavity, and pharynx (correct)

What is the conducting zone in the respiratory system responsible for?

Exchanging gases with the blood

Regulating blood flow to the lungs

Producing surfactants

Filtrating, warming, and moistening air (correct)

Which part of the respiratory system is primarily involved in gas exchange?

Lungs and alveoli Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of surfactants in the respiratory system?

To help prevent alveolar collapse Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is part of the lower respiratory system?

Trachea Signup and view all the answers

How do the respiratory and cardiovascular systems interact?

They collaborate to facilitate gas exchange between the organism and environment Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the physiological anatomy of the respiratory system?

It outlines the structure and functions essential for respiration Signup and view all the answers

What does the carbon dioxide dissociation curve illustrate?

The relationship between the partial pressure of carbon dioxide and its quantity in blood Signup and view all the answers

What is the Haldane effect primarily associated with?

The release of carbon dioxide from hemoglobin due to oxygen binding Signup and view all the answers

What occurs to the carbon dioxide dissociation curve with an excess of oxygen in blood?

It shifts to the right Signup and view all the answers

Which group in the respiratory center is primarily responsible for initiating inspiration?

Dorsal respiratory group Signup and view all the answers

What role does the acidity of hemoglobin play concerning carbon dioxide?

It causes displacement of carbon dioxide from hemoglobin Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the brainstem controls the rate and depth of breathing?

Pneumotaxic center Signup and view all the answers

What happens when hydrogen ions increase in the blood?

They bind with bicarbonate to form carbonic acid Signup and view all the answers

What type of respiration occurs in systemic capillaries?

Internal respiration Signup and view all the answers

At a partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) of 40 mm Hg, what is the typical percentage saturation of hemoglobin?

75% Signup and view all the answers

What does a right shift in the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve indicate?

Greater dissociation of oxygen from hemoglobin Signup and view all the answers

Which factor causes the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve to shift to the left?

Increase in pH Signup and view all the answers

What is the P50 value for hemoglobin?

25 to 27 mm Hg Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors does NOT contribute to a rightward shift of the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve?

Decreased body temperature Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of the Bohr effect on hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen?

Decreases hemoglobin's affinity Signup and view all the answers

In which condition would you expect the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve to shift to the right due to increased 2,3-BPG levels?

During muscular exercise Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about fetal hemoglobin is accurate?

It has a higher affinity for oxygen than adult hemoglobin. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for decreased PO2 at high altitudes?

Decrease in atmospheric pressure Signup and view all the answers

What physiological change occurs in response to hypoxia at high altitude?

Increased pulmonary ventilation Signup and view all the answers

At what altitude does barometric pressure decrease to approximately 523 mmHg?

10,000 feet Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a result of acclimatization at high altitude?

Increased oxygen diffusing capacity of the lung Signup and view all the answers

What happens to hemoglobin concentration during acclimatization to high altitude?

Increases to around 20 g/dL Signup and view all the answers

How does the heart respond to high altitude conditions?

Increased cardiac output Signup and view all the answers

What is the main consequence of rapid ascent to high altitude?

Onset of hypoxia Signup and view all the answers

What changes occur in the blood during acclimatization at high altitude?

Increase in packed cell volume Signup and view all the answers

What is the most important factor that determines how much O2 binds to hemoglobin?

pH and PCO2 levels Signup and view all the answers

Which nerve conveys impulses from the respiratory center to the diaphragm?

Phrenic nerve Signup and view all the answers

How does exercise affect the oxygen-haemoglobin dissociation curve?

It shifts to the right, decreasing O2 affinity Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the availability of O2 for tissue cells when you have a fever?

It becomes less available due to decreased hemoglobin affinity Signup and view all the answers

What is the vital capacity?

The largest amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after maximum inhalation Signup and view all the answers

What do peripheral chemoreceptors primarily respond to?

Changes in pH, PCO2, and O2 levels Signup and view all the answers

At the summit of Mount Everest, what is the approximate partial pressure of O2 if the barometric pressure is about 250 mm Hg?

5 mm Hg Signup and view all the answers

What influences the affinity of hemoglobin for O2?

Temperature, pH, PCO2 levels, and 2,3-BPG Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Course Objectives

Understand structure and functions of the respiratory system.
Identify air passage from exterior to alveoli.
Recognize major muscles involved in respiration and their roles.
Explain the breathing mechanism.
Comprehend pulmonary blood flow and circulation dynamics.
Discuss pulmonary ventilation, lung compliance, and the role of surfactants.
Define lung volumes, capacities, and pulmonary function tests.
Analyze the composition of inspired, expired, and alveolar air, along with dead space.
Explain respiratory gas transport.
Describe respiratory control under various conditions like exercise, high altitude, and deep sea.

Introduction

Respiration involves the exchange of gases (O2 and CO2) between organisms and the environment.
Aimed at delivering oxygen to tissues and removing carbon dioxide.
Collaboration between the respiratory and cardiovascular systems forms the cardiopulmonary system.

Physiological Anatomy

The respiratory system comprises the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and lungs.
Divided into:
- Upper respiratory system: Nose, nasal cavity, pharynx.
- Lower respiratory system: Larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs.
The conducting zone includes nasal cavity to terminal bronchioles, filtering and moisten air.
The respiratory zone encompasses respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, sacs, and alveoli for gas exchange.
Normal arterial blood oxygen saturation is about 97% with a PO2 of 95 mm Hg.

Oxygen-Hemoglobin Dissociation Curve

P50: The PO2 at which hemoglobin is 50% saturated with oxygen, typically 25-27 mm Hg.
Shifts in curve:
- Right shift: Indicates decreased affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen, occurs with decreased pH, increased temperature, high CO2, or excess 2,3-BPG.
- Left shift: Indicates increased affinity for oxygen, occurs with increased pH, decreased temperature, and presence of fetal hemoglobin.

Bohr and Haldane Effects

Bohr Effect: Increased CO2 decreases hemoglobin affinity for oxygen.
Haldane Effect: Binding of oxygen to hemoglobin displaces CO2 from hemoglobin, facilitating CO2 release into alveoli.

Control of Respiration

Governed by nervous and chemical mechanisms.
- Nervous control: Involves neurons in the medulla oblongata and pons:
  - Dorsal respiratory group: Responsible for inspiration.
  - Ventral respiratory group: Responsible for expiration.
  - Pneumotaxic center: Regulates breathing rate and depth.

Respiratory Changes in High Altitude

High altitude (above 8,000 feet) results in decreased atmospheric pressure and lower oxygen availability, causing hypoxia.
Acclimatization strategies include:
- Increased pulmonary ventilation through chemoreceptor stimulation.
- Enhanced gas diffusing capacity and oxygen transport due to increased RBC production and hemoglobin concentration.
- Cardiovascular adjustments like increased heart rate and cardiac output.

Important Definitions

FEV1: The maximum volume of air that can be forcibly exhaled in one second.
Vital Capacity: Maximum air volume moved in/out during respiration.
Tidal Volume: Volume of air per normal breath.

Factors Influencing Gas Exchange

Oxygen enters pulmonary capillaries from alveoli due to concentration gradient (high PO2 in alveoli vs. low in capillaries).
Tissue cells receive oxygen based on local metabolic demands.
Hemoglobin affinity for O2 decreases with increased CO2, lowered pH, elevated temperature, and raised 2,3-BPG.

Modifications in Breathing

Brain cortex, CO2 & O2 levels, proprioceptors, inflation reflex, temperature changes, pain, and airway irritation all modify breathing patterns.

Key Questions

What nerve controls diaphragm contraction during breathing?
Differential responses of peripheral chemoreceptors to hypoxia, acidosis, and hypercapnia.
How does exercise affect the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve, enhancing O2 delivery to tissues.

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Description

Test your understanding of the structure and functions of the respiratory system with this quiz. Explore key concepts such as the air passageways, muscles involved in respiration, mechanisms of breathing, and pulmonary circulation. Perfect for students studying respiratory physiology.