Respiratory Infections
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is classified as an upper respiratory tract infection (URTI)?

  • Bronchiolitis
  • Tracheobronchitis
  • Pneumonia
  • Sinusitis (correct)

    • Which of the following is considered a lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI)?

  • Pneumonia (correct)
  • Common cold
  • Laryngitis
  • Pharyngitis

    • Which of the following is not classified as a respiratory infection?

  • Epiglottitis
  • Tracheobronchitis
  • Gingivitis (correct)
  • Tonsillitis

    • Which of the following is NOT a clinical feature of upper respiratory tract infections (URTI)?

    <p>Breathlessness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic finding during auscultation of the chest in URTI?

    <p>Normal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which imaging technique is commonly used to investigate respiratory tract infections?

    <p>Chest X-ray (CXR)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a clinical feature of lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI)?

    <p>Nasal congestion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT an abnormal breath sound that may be heard during auscultation of the chest in lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI)?

    <p>Stridor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is not commonly associated with LRTI?

    <p>Chronic illness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a possible symptom associated with LRTI?

    <p>Breathlessness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the pathological definition of pneumonia?

    <p>Fluid filled air spaces leading to consolidation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can pneumonia be prevented?

    <p>Immunization and addressing environmental factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the possible causative agents of pneumonia?

    <p>Viruses, bacteria, or fungi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended treatment for bacterial pneumonia?

    <p>Antibiotics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the most common cause of bacterial pneumonia in children?

    <p>Streptococcus pneumoniae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is responsible for at least one quarter of all pneumonia deaths in HIV-infected infants?

    <p>Pneumocystis jiroveci</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the most common viral cause of pneumonia in children?

    <p>Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pathogen is the second most common cause of bacterial pneumonia?

    <p>Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which season is pneumonia more common in the UK?

    <p>Winter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which age group is considered a risk factor for community acquired pneumonia (CAP)?

    <p>Children under 16 and adults over 65</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for pneumonia?

    <p>Hypertension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is considered a poor lifestyle choice that increases the risk of pneumonia?

    <p>Alcoholism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of pneumonia is acquired outside of a healthcare facility?

    <p>Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of pneumonia is associated with infections acquired during hospitalization or healthcare interventions?

    <p>Hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of pneumonia is acquired in the community by a person with no underlying immunosuppression or malignancy?

    <p>Community acquired pneumonia (CAP)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of pneumonia is acquired as a result in a person without underlying immunosuppression or malignancy?

    <p>Community acquired pneumonia (CAP)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of patients is more likely to develop hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP)?

    <p>Patients with underlying immunosuppression or malignancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the most common cause of community-acquired pneumonia?

    <p>Streptococcus pneumoniae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following are atypical pneumonia organism?

    <p>Mycoplasma pneumoniae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mode of transmission is associated with aspiration pneumonia?

    <p>Inhalation of food, liquids, vomitus, or fluids from the mouth into the lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which preventive measure is recommended to reduce the risk of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) related to bacterial pathogens?

    <p>Immunization with Pneumococcal vaccine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which preventive measure helps to support a strong immune system and reduce the risk of pneumonia?

    <p>Adequate nutrition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the CURB 65 Prognostic Score for Pneumonia, which of the following factors is NOT considered in the scoring system?

    <p>Urea (&lt;7 mmol / L)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the CURB 65 Prognostic Score for Pneumonia, what is the management guide for a score of 2?

    <p>Admit to hospital (ward)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If a patient has a 'CURB 65' score of 0, what would be the recommended management approach?

    <p>Outpatient treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A 45-year-old patient with urea level of 7.5 mmol/L and blood pressure of 88/58 mmHg would receive how many points in the 'CURB 65' score?

    <p>2 points</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An 85-year-old patient with a mental test score of 6 and urea level of 9 mmol/L would receive how many points in the 'CURB 65' score?

    <p>3 points</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cutoff value for the respiratory rate in the 'CURB 65' score?

    <blockquote> <p>30 / min</p> </blockquote> Signup and view all the answers

    Which blood pressure values can get a point in the 'CURB 65' score?

    <p>SBP &lt;90mm Hg / DBP &lt;60mm Hg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following complications involves an abnormal inflammatory response of the body against infection or trauma, leading to lung involvement?

    <p>Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A 20-year-old patient with a respiratory rate of 20/min and urea level of 5 mmol/L would receive how many points in the 'CURB 65' score?

    <p>0 points</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the time frame used to define hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP)?

    <p>New onset of cough with purulent sputum beyond 2 days of hospital admission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the second most common type of nosocomial infection?

    <p>Hospital acquired pneumonia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the most likely cause of hospital-acquired pneumonia?

    <p>Escherichia coli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following blood tests is likely to show elevated levels in hospital-acquired pneumonia?

    <p>Leukocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common type of infection in hospital-acquired pneumonia?

    <p>Mixed infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of bacteria accounts for approximately 25% of hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) cases?

    <p>Anaerobic bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main factor that increases the risk of acquiring hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP)?

    <p>Poor immunity or co-morbidity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended preventive measure for reducing the risk of hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP)?

    <p>Observance of ANTT in patient instrumentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Upper and Lower Respiratory Tract Infections

    • Upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) include conditions such as the common cold and sinusitis.
    • Lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) consist of pneumonia and bronchitis.
    • Conditions not classified as respiratory infections include gastrointestinal infections.

    Clinical Features

    • Common clinical features of URTIs include cough, nasal congestion, and sore throat.
    • URTIs typically do not present with wheezing as a clinical feature.
    • LRTIs may feature symptoms like productive cough and chest discomfort.
    • Symptoms not associated with LRTIs often exclude sore throat and nasal congestion.

    Auscultation and Imaging

    • Characteristic findings in URTIs during chest auscultation may show normal breath sounds or mild crackles.
    • Chest X-rays are commonly used to investigate respiratory tract infections.

    Pneumonia

    • Pneumonia is defined pathologically as inflammation of the lung parenchyma due to infection.
    • Prevention measures for pneumonia include vaccinations and good hygiene practices.
    • Causative agents of pneumonia can include bacteria, viruses, and fungi.

    Treatment of Pneumonia

    • Bacterial pneumonia is typically treated with antibiotics.
    • Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most common cause of bacterial pneumonia in children.
    • Pneumonia related to HIV-infected infants may be due to Pneumocystis jirovecii.
    • Pneumonia incidence is higher in the UK during the winter months.
    • Older adults, particularly those aged over 65, are at higher risk for community-acquired pneumonia (CAP).
    • Lifestyle choices such as smoking and substance abuse increase the risk of pneumonia.

    Types of Pneumonia

    • Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is acquired outside of healthcare facilities.
    • Hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) results from infections acquired during hospital stays.
    • Atypical pneumonia organisms include Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Chlamydia pneumoniae.

    CURB 65 Prognostic Score

    • The CURB 65 score assesses pneumonia severity, including criteria like confusion, urea levels, respiratory rate, and blood pressure.
    • A score of 2 often indicates a need for hospitalization.
    • A score of 0 typically suggests outpatient management.

    Scoring Points

    • A urea level of 7.5 mmol/L and blood pressure of 88/58 mmHg corresponds to a certain number of points on the CURB 65 scale.
    • An 85-year-old patient with a mental status score of 6 and urea level of 9 mmol/L also receives points in this scoring system.
    • Normal respiratory rates and specific blood pressure readings are outlined in the CURB 65 criteria.

    Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia

    • Hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) is defined as pneumonia occurring 48 hours or more after hospital admission.
    • HAP is a leading cause of nosocomial infection, with common pathogens being Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae.
    • Preventive measures include proper hand hygiene and infection control protocols.

    Complications and Testing

    • The systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) represents an abnormal inflammatory response to infection or trauma, affecting lung function.
    • Elevated biomarkers such as C-reactive protein may indicate HAP during blood tests.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on respiratory infections and their classification based on the structure affected. Learn about upper respiratory tract infections like common colds, sinusitis, pharyngitis, tonsillitis, epiglottitis, and laryngitis, as well as lower respiratory tract infections such as tracheobronchitis, bronchiolitis, and pneumonia.

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