Respiratory Tract Infections
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Questions and Answers

What is the main portal for pathogen entry in respiratory diseases?

  • The throat
  • The lower respiratory tract
  • The lungs
  • The upper respiratory tract (correct)

    • What is the most common cause of sinusitis?

  • Streptococcus pyogenes
  • Haemophilus influenzae
  • Staphylococcus aureus
  • All of the above (correct)

    • EBV infections can lead to Lymphoma and Nasopharyngeal cancer

    True

    What is post-nasal drip and how does it relate to sinusitis?

    <p>Post-nasal drip is the sensation of mucus dripping down the back of the throat. It relates to sinusitis because the excess mucus production and inflammation in the sinuses caused by the infection can lead to post-nasal drip, which can further irritate the larynx and cause a persistent cough.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Pertussis?

    <p>Whooping cough</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the common symptoms of sinusitis?

    <p>Facial pain, nasal obstruction, and nasal discharge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common cause of acute sinusitis

    <p>Common cold</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does acute sinusitis impair the function of cilia?

    <p>By causing inflammation and increased mucous secretions in the sinuses, which obstructs drainage. Pus may also accumulate, further irritating the mucosal lining, causing more edema, epithelial destruction, and sinus obstruction. This impairs the movement of cilia, and prevents it from moving mucus and foreign particles out of the sinuses and airways.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one is NOT a LRTI?

    <p>Diphtheria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pharyngitis and laryngitis are URTIs

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a symptom of URTIs?

    <p>Shortness of breath</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following respiratory diseases is life-threatening?

    <p>Diphtheria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of people are at risk of pneumonia?

    <p>Elderly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common cause of tonsillitis?

    <p>Streptococcus pyogenes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which respiratory disease affects the alveoli?

    <p>Pneumonia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main cause of upper respiratory tract infections?

    <p>Viral infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the symptoms of both viral and bacterial upper respiratory tract infections?

    <p>Rhinorrhea, sneezing, sore throat, and fever</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main cause of tonsillitis?

    <p>Common viral strains</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is diphtheria?

    <p>A bacterial infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is pneumonia?

    <p>An inflammation of the alveoli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is at risk of developing pneumonia?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common cause of upper respiratory tract infections?

    <p>Viruses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common cause of the common cold?

    <p>Rhinoviruses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common cause of bacterial tonsillitis?

    <p>Streptococcus pyogenes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most severe and potentially fatal lower respiratory tract infection?

    <p>Pneumonia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the causative agent of pertussis?

    <p>Bordetella pertussis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the causative agent of diphtheria?

    <p>Corynebacterium diphtheriae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main portal for pathogen entry for respiratory diseases?

    <p>The respiratory tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of respiratory infection is the 4th leading cause of death worldwide?

    <p>Lower respiratory tract infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of infection is the common cold?

    <p>Viral</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a common cause of sinusitis?

    <p>Escherichia coli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most severe and potentially fatal lower respiratory tract infection?

    <p>Pneumonia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of infection is diphtheria?

    <p>Bacterial upper respiratory tract infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common cause of bacterial tonsillitis?

    <p>Streptococcus pyogenes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is pertussis commonly known as?

    <p>Whooping cough</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Overview of Upper and Lower Respiratory Infections

    • Respiratory diseases are among the top causes of death worldwide.
    • The respiratory tract is the main portal for pathogen entry, with potentially infectious particles.
    • Upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) are mainly viral, with secondary bacterial or fungal infections.
    • Lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) can be bacterial, viral, or fungal, and are the fourth leading cause of death.
    • URTIs are a common cause of morbidity and account for approximately 9% of all GP visits.
    • Both viral and bacterial URTIs produce similar clinical patterns of illness, with symptoms including rhinorrhea, sneezing, sore throat, and fever.
    • Sinusitis is characterized by facial pain, nasal obstruction, and nasal discharge, and is most commonly caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Staphylococcus aureus.
    • Pharyngitis and laryngitis are usually viral and associated with the common cold, but can also be bacterial or fungal.
    • Tonsillitis is mainly caused by common viral strains, but can also be caused by bacterial infections such as Streptococcus pyogenes.
    • Diphtheria, caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae, is a life-threatening upper respiratory infection that can lead to multisystem toxaemia and myocarditis.
    • LRTIs are less common than URTIs but often more severe, and can include tracheitis, bronchitis, bronchiolitis, and pneumonia.
    • Pneumonia is an inflammation of the lung primarily affecting the alveoli, and can be caused by viral, bacterial, atypical bacterial, or fungal infections. People at risk include infants, young children, the elderly, and those with long-term heart, lung, and kidney diseases, diabetes, cancer, or compromised immune systems.

    Respiratory Pathogens Lecture: Upper and Lower Respiratory Infections

    • Respiratory diseases are among the top major causes of death worldwide, with lower respiratory infections ranking as the 4th cause of death.
    • The respiratory tract is the main portal for pathogen entry, with potentially infectious particles such as viruses, bacteria, and fungi.
    • Upper respiratory tract infections (URTI) are mainly viral, while lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI) can be bacterial, viral, or fungal.
    • URTIs are a common cause of morbidity, accounting for approximately 9% of all GP visits, and produce similar clinical patterns of illness as LRTIs.
    • The common cold is the most common URTI and is caused by rhinoviruses, coronaviruses, parainfluenza viruses, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), adenoviruses, and influenza viruses.
    • Sinusitis is characterized by facial pain, nasal obstruction, and nasal discharge, and is commonly caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Staphylococcus aureus, and other enteric bacteria.
    • Pharyngitis and laryngitis are most often due to viral infections associated with the common cold, but can also be caused by bacterial infections such as Streptococcus pyogenes or fungal infections such as candida albicans.
    • Tonsillitis is mainly caused by common strains of viruses, but bacterial tonsillitis is most commonly caused by Streptococcus pyogenes.
    • Diphtheria is a life-threatening URTI caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae, which can lead to multisystem toxaemia and myocarditis.
    • Tracheitis, bronchitis, bronchiolitis, and pneumonia are common LRTIs, with pneumonia being the most severe and potentially fatal.
    • Nosocomial infections of LRTIs are very common, ranking third after urinary tract infections and surgical wound infections.
    • Pertussis, or whooping cough, is caused by Bordetella pertussis and is a re-emerging serious respiratory illness affecting infants, children, and occasionally young adults.

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    MGEM2013 Resp Disease Resp Pathogens 22-23 Part I .pptx

    Description

    Test your knowledge on upper and lower respiratory infections with this informative quiz. Learn about the causes, symptoms, and treatments of common respiratory illnesses such as sinusitis, pharyngitis, bronchitis, and pneumonia. Discover the differences between viral and bacterial infections, and explore the risk factors associated with severe respiratory illnesses. Challenge yourself and improve your understanding of respiratory health by taking this quiz today.

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