Respiratory & GI Tract Anatomy

• The main bronchus is labeled D in the reference image.
• The pharynx is labeled A.
• The larynx is labeled B.
• The carina of the trachea is labeled E.
• The trachea is labeled C.
• The tidal volume corresponds to label B on the graph.
• The inspiratory reserve volume corresponds to label A.
• The residual volume corresponds to label D.
• The expiratory reserve volume corresponds to label C.
• No exchange of cases occurs in the segmental bronchi.
• Type II cells secrete a fluid containing surfactant.
• The respiratory zone of the lungs begins in the respiratory bronchioles.
• Type I cells compose the structural wall of the alveolus.
• Alveolar ducts terminate in alveoli.

GI Tract Structures

• Mucosa is labeled A.
• The site of Peyer's patches is labeled B.
• The smooth muscle layer is labeled C.
• MALT is found in areas labeled A and/or B
• Serosa is labeled D.
• The area of the lamina propria is labeled A.
• The layer that continues onto both sides of the mesentery is labeled D.
• Absorptive cells line the intestinal tract.
• The cell type specialized to secrete mucus into the lumen of the intestinal tract is labeled D.
• Structures that increase the absorptive area of the small intestine are labeled A.
• A wide lymph capillary located in the villus is labeled C.
• Paneth cells are found at location E.
• Wavelike smooth muscle contractions that move foodstuffs through the alimentary tube are called peristalsis.
• The chemical or mechanical process of breaking down foodstuffs to substances that can be absorbed is digestion.
• The enzymatic breakdown of any type of food molecule is called hydrolysis.
• The process by which the products of digestion pass through the lumen of the gastrointestinal tract into the blood or lymph is absorption.
• The liver is labeled A.
• The small intestine is labeled B.
• The stomach is labeled C.
• The pancreas is labeled D.
• The large intestine is labeled E.

Organ Functions

• The pancreas produces enzymes that break down all categories of foodstuffs.
• The small intestine's villi and microvilli provide increased surface area for absorption.
• In the large intestine, bacteria process undigested chyme from the small intestine.
• The stomach is the only digestive structure with three muscle layers.
• The liver receives blood via the hepatic portal system.
• The small intestine contains the brush border enzymes that complete digestion of carbohydrates and proteins.
• The liver's main function is to filter and process nutrient-rich blood.
• The stomach produces intrinsic factor and a mucoid barrier.

True/False statements

• True: Ventilation perfusion coupling means that more blood flows past functional alveoli than past nonfunctional alveoli.
• True: The olfactory mucosal lining of the nasal cavity contains the receptors for the sense of smell.
• True: Functions of the nasal conchae are to enhance air turbulence and increase the mucosal surface area exposed to the air.
• True: The lungs are perfused by two circulations: pulmonary and bronchial.
• True: Changes in arterial pH can modify respiration rate and rhythm even when carbon dioxide and oxygen levels are normal.
• True: Intra-pleural pressure is normally about 4 mm Hg less than the pressure in the alveoli.
• True: During normal quiet breathing, approximately 750 ml of air moves into and out of the lungs with each breath.
• False: In chronic bronchitis, mucus production is decreased and this leads to the inflammation and fibrosis of the mucosal lining of the bronchial tree.
• True: Labored breathing is termed dyspnea.
• False: The largest amount of carbon dioxide is transported in the bloodstream in the form of carbonic anhydrase.
• False: Increased temperature results in decreased O2 unloading from hemoglobin.
• False: The epiglottis is a smooth muscle that covers the glottis during swallowing.
• True: Valsalva's maneuver involves closing off the glottis (preventing expiration) while contracting the muscles of expiration
• True: Smoking diminishes ciliary action and eventually destroys the cilia.
• True: The parietal pleura lines the inner wall of the thorax.
• False: The average individual has 500 ml of residual volume in his lungs.
• True: Atelectasis (alveolar collapse) renders the lung useless for ventilation.
• True: Strong emotions and pain acting through the limbic system activate sympathetic centers in the hypothalamus
• True: Dalton's law states that the total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is the sum of the pressures exerted independently by each gas.
• False: Oxygenated hemoglobin releases oxygen more readily when the pH is more basic.
• False: Nasal conchae mainly work on inhalation to warm and moisten air.
• True: Under certain conditions, the vocal folds (cords) act as a sphincter that prevents air passage.
• True: The circular folds of the small intestine enhance absorption by causing the chyme to spiral.
• True: As food passes through the digestive tract, it becomes less complex and the nutrients are more readily available to the body.
• True: Some of the microbes that live happily in the colon are rarely found in the stomach due to the presence of HCl.
• True: Kupffer cells are found in the liver and are responsible for removing bacteria and worn-out cells.
• False: The pharyngeal-esophageal phase of swallowing is involuntary and is controlled by the swallowing center in the thalamus and lower pons.
• True: All the chemical and mechanical phases of digestion from the mouth through the small intestine are directed toward changing food into forms that can pass through the epithelial cells.
• False: Pepsinogen is the precursor to the gastric enzyme for protein digestion and is secreted by the parietal cells.
• True: The main chemical activity of the stomach is to begin the digestion of proteins.
• True: The major role of absorption in the ileum is to reclaim bile salts to be recycled back to the liver.
• True: The peritoneum is the most extensive serous membrane in the body.
• True: Peyer's patches are found in the submucosa of the distal end of the small intestine.
• True: The myenteric nerve plexus provides the major nerve supply to the GI tract wall and controls GI motility.
• True: The digestive function of the liver is to produce bile.
• True: The pancreas has both an endocrine and an exocrine function.
• True: Another term for swallowing is deglutition.
• False: The stomach's contractile rhythm is set by pacemaker cells found in the spinal cord.
• True: The major stimulus for production of intestinal fluid is distention or irritation of the intestinal mucosa by hypertonic or acidic chyme.
• True: Most nutrients are absorbed through the mucosa of the intestinal villi by active transport.
• True: Fats significantly delay the emptying of the stomach.
• False: The soft palate rises reflexively to open the nasopharynx when we swallow food.

Multiple Choice Questions

Respiratory System

• The loudness of a person's voice depends on the force with which air rushes across the vocal folds.
• The function of Type II alveolar cells is to secrete surfactant.
• Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is greater than atmospheric pressure.
• Expiration depends on the recoil of elastic fibers stretched during inspiration and the inward pull of surface tension due to the film of alveolar fluid.
• Cartilage rings maintain the patency (openness) of the trachea.
• Intrapulmonary pressure is the pressure within the alveoli of the lungs.
• Surfactant helps prevent the alveoli from collapsing by interfering with the cohesiveness of water molecules, thereby reducing the surface tension of alveolar fluid.
• For efficient gas exchange, the respiratory membrane must be 0.5 to 1 micrometer thick.
• The Bohr effect describes that more oxygen is released when there is a decrease in pH (acidosis), that weakens the hemoglobin-oxygen bond.
• The most powerful respiratory stimulus for breathing in a healthy person is an increase of carbon dioxide.
• Nerve impulses from the ventral respiratory group in the medulla will result in inspiration.
• In the plasma, only about 1.5% of the total oxygen is carried by the blood.
• Regarding the respiratory system the respiratory rate is lowest in newborn infants.
• The natual tendency for the lungs to recoil and the surface tension of the alveolar fluid cause the collapse in the lungs.
• Resistance to air flow increases due to the increase in cross-sectional diameter regarding the respiratory tract from the medium bronchi to the alveoli.
• Tidal volume is the air exchanged during normal breathing.
• The partial pressure gradient determines the direction of respiratory gas movement.
• The lung volume that represents the total volume of exchangeable air is the vital capacity.
• The fluid filled fetus exchanges during fetal life through its placenta.
• Rising blood pressure is not a stimulus for breathing.
• Respiratory control centers are located in the medulla and pons.
• The amount of air that can be inspired above the tidal volume is called inspiratory reserve.
• More CO2 dissolves in the blood plasma than is carried in the RBCs is incorrect.
• Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged in the lungs and through all cell membranes by diffusion.
• The auditory tube drains into the nasopharynx is correct about the pharynx.
• The larynx contains all structures except the hyoid cartilage.
• Internal intercostals and abdominal muscles would contract when blowing up a balloon.
• The bulk of carbon dioxide is carried as the bicarbonate ion in the plasma after first entering the red blood cells.
• AIDS in blood flow to and from the heart because the heart sits between the lungs is not a role of the pleura.
• CO2 is not correctly described when attached to the heme part of hemoglobin.
• Alveoli provide the greatest surface area for gas exchange.
• The respiratory membrane is a combination of alveolar and capillary walls and their fused basement membranes.
• Inspiratory capacity is the total amount of air that can be inspired after a tidal expiration.
• The nose serves all the following functions except as the initiator of the cough reflex.
• A premature baby usually has difficulty breathing and are developed for survival at 28 weeks.
• The respiratory rate of a newborn is, at its highest rate, approximately 40-80 respirations per minute.
• The number of red blood cells is not a factor that promotes oxygen binding to and dissociation from hemoglobin.
• Surface tension from pleural fluid and negative pressure in the pleural cavity is responsible for holding the lungs to the thorax wall.
• The erythrocyte count increases after a while when an individual goes from a low to a high altitude because the concentration of oxygen and/or total atmospheric pressure is lower at high altitudes.
• Most inspired particles such as dust fail to reach the lungs because of the ciliated mucous lining in the nose.
• A 50% oxygen saturation level of blood returning to the lungs might indicate an activity level higher than normal is the correct statement about oxygen transport in blood
• Emphysema is characterized by destruction of alveolar walls producing large spaces.
• Nitric oxide does not influence hemoglobin saturation.

Digestive System

• The chemical and mechanical processes of food breakdown are called digestion.
• When we ingest large molecules, catabolic reactions whereby enzymes split these molecules is called chemical digestion.
• The sheets of peritoneal membrane that hold the digestive tract in place are called mesenteries.
• From the esophagus to the anal canal, the walls of every organ of the alimentary canal are made up of the same four basic layers. Mucosa is closets to lumen and serosa further away.
• Rennin is not a factor that helps create the stomach mucosal barrier.
• The capillaries that nourish the epithelium and absorb digested nutrients lie in the lamina propria.
• Cholecystokinin is the hormone that causes an increased output of enzyme-rich pancreatic juice and stimulates gallbladder contraction.
• Bile contains enzymes for digestion is the incorrect statement regarding bile.
• Plicae circulares and intestinal villi enhance the absorptive effectiveness of the small intestine.
• There are 20 primary teeth, and by 24 months of age most children have all 20.
• There are 32 permanent teeth, and the wisdom teeth are the last to emerge.
• Saliva contains enzymes that begin the breakdown of starch and carbs.
• The solutes contained in saliva includes electrolytes, digestive enzyme, mucin, lysozyme, wastes, and IgA
• In addition to storage and mechanical breakdown of food, the stomach initiates protein digestion and denatures proteins.
• Chyme is created in the stomach.
• Hydrochloric acid is secreted by the parietal cells of the stomach.
• Gastrin, histamine, endorphins, serotonin, cholecystokinin, and somatostatin are synthesized and secreted by enteroendocrine cells.
• There are three phases of gastric secretion, the cephalic phase occurs before food enters the stomach and is triggered by aroma, sight, or thought.
• Peristaltic waves are waves of muscular contractions that propel contents from one point to another.
• Gastrin is a digestive hormone, and protein and peptide fragments stimulate digestive secretions.
• Pepsinogen, a digestive enzyme, is secreted by the chief cells of the stomach.
• Amylase will help to digest a meal high in complex carbohydrates.
• The ducts that deliver bile and pancreatic juice from the liver and pancreas, respectively, unite to form the hepatopancreatic ampulla.
• The enzymatic breakdown of any type of food molecule is called hydrolysis.
• Short-chain triglycerides found in foods such as butterfat molecules in milk are split by a specific enzyme(lipase).
• Parietal cells of the stomach produce hydrochloric acid.
• Hepatocytes do not produce digestive enzymes.
• Enterogastric is not a phase of gastric secretion.
• Vitamin B12 requires intrinsic factor in order to be absorbed.
• Chief cells occupy the basal regions of gastric glands.
• Chemical digestion reduces large complex molecules to simpler compounds by the process of catabolism.
• The liver contains lobules with sinusoids that lead to a central venous structure.
• The first layer of tissue to be cut in the small intestine in an incision to remove an obstruction is the serosa.
• The terminal portion of the small intestine is known as the ileum.
• The canine tooth is the one in the standard dental formula for an adult.
• The digestion of lipids would be affected the most if the liver were severly damaged.
• Calcium is locally regulated in the blood by the active form of vitamin D which acts as a cofactor.
• The lamina is composed of loose connective tissue.
• Carbohydrates are not important as as stimulus in the gastric secretion.
• Pancreatic amylase does not get to the small intestine via the cystic duct.
• The function of the goblet cells is to produce mucus that protects parts of the digestive organs from the effects of powerful enzymes needed for food digestion.
• Synthesize vitamin K and B-complex vitamins is an essential role played by large intestine bacteria.
• Nervous control of gastric secretion is provided by the vagus nerve and enteric plexus.
• Parietal cells produce intrinsic factor.
• Surgical cutting of the lingual frenulum would occur in the tongue.
• A fluid secreted into the small intestine during digestion that contains cholesterol, emulsification agents, and phospholipids is bile.
• The layer of the digestive tube that contains blood vessels, lymphatic nodes, and a rich supply of elastic fibers is the submucosa.
• Is longer than the small intestine is not characteristic of the large intestine.
• Intrinsic factor is the stomache secretion necessary for normal hemoglobin production in RBCs.
• Most nutrients are absorbed through the mucosa of the intestinal villa by facilitated diffusion B.
• Gastric secretion can be stimulated before food has entered the mouth is the correct statment about the regulation of gastric secretion.
• Paneth cells secrete enzymes that kill bacteria .
• Chyme entering the duodenum can decrease gastric motility via the enterogastric reflex. is the correct statment about digestive processes.
• Chemical digestion in the small intestine involves cholecystokinin (CCK), an intestinal hormone responsible for gallbladder contraction
• Is found in the pancreas because you will need to digest this food.
• Bile would be released from the gallbladder to emulsify the fat in the duodenum is the correct consequence from a high fat meal.
• The mucosa of the developing alimentary tube comes from endoderm.
• Since the baby had loss of gastric juice there would be more alkali than acid causing alkalosis.
• Hormones or paracrines that inhibit gastric secretion include secretin.
• The inferior vena cava is not part of the splanchnic (gut) circulation?
• A is the antibody mediated response that restricts the infection.

PowerPoint questions (Respiratory & GI)

• Vermillion border: the distinctive line demarcating lips from the face.
• High alveolar CO2 would most directly result in bronchodilation.
• Acid-base balance and chemical vs physiological buffers
• High Alveolar CO2

GI PowerPoint

• Like the epidermis, its nutritive blood supply via diffusion, relies on the mucosa. Which mucosa relies on the A. muscularis B. Muscularis mucosa C.Sereosa D. lamina propria
• B. Lamina Propria