Chapter 13: Respiratory System Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What are the functions of the respiratory system?

The respiratory system works with the circulatory system to provide oxygen and to remove waste products of metabolism. It also helps to regulate the pH of the blood.

What is external respiration?

External respiration involves the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and blood.

What is internal respiration?

Internal respiration involves the exchange of gases between the blood and tissue cells.

What structures are located in the upper respiratory tract?

<p>The nose, pharynx, and larynx.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structures are located in the lower respiratory tract?

<p>The trachea, bronchial tree, and lungs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ____ cavity is the interior chamber of the nose.

<p>nasal</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ____ divide the nose into two parts.

<p>nasal septum</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between the hard palate and soft palate?

<p>The hard palate is supported by bone and the soft palate has no bony support.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the functions of the nasal conchae?

<p>The nasal conchae increase the surface area of the nasal cavity to warm and moisten the air and help direct airflow through the nasal cavity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the paranasal sinuses?

<p>Paranasal sinuses are air-filled cavities in the frontal, maxillae, ethmoid, and sphenoid bones.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the mucus secreted by the mucous membrane of the nose?

<p>The mucus helps moisten, warm, and filter the air as it enters the nose.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the cilia in the nasal cavity?

<p>Cilia propel the mucus with trapped particles toward the pharynx, where it is swallowed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the nasopharynx?

<p>The nasopharynx is the portion of the pharynx that is posterior to the nasal cavity and extends to the uvula.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the eustachian tubes?

<p>The eustachian tubes help to equalize the air pressure on both sides of the tympanic membrane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the oropharynx?

<p>The oropharynx is the portion of the pharynx that is posterior to the oral cavity, receiving air, food, and water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the laryngopharynx?

<p>The laryngopharynx is the most inferior portion of the pharynx, posterior to the larynx and continuous with the esophagus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the layman's term for the thyroid cartilage?

<p>Thyroid cartilage is also called the Adam's apple.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the epiglottis?

<p>The epiglottis covers the opening into the larynx to prevent food and water from entering the trachea during swallowing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the glottis?

<p>The glottis is the opening between the true vocal cords and leads to the trachea.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What holds the trachea open?

<p>The walls of the trachea are supported by 15 to 20 C-shaped pieces of hyaline cartilage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the components of the bronchial tree.

<p>The components of the bronchial tree are the bronchioles, bronchi, and alveoli.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do the walls of the alveolar ducts and alveoli consist of simple squamous epithelium?

<p>They permit rapid diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the air in the lungs and the blood in the capillaries.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are the lungs soft and spongy?

<p>The lungs are soft and spongy because they are mostly air spaces surrounded by alveolar cells and elastic connective tissue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the right lung differ in appearance from the left lung?

<p>The right lung is shorter, broader, and has greater volume than the left lung. It is divided into three lobes, while the left lung has only two lobes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the pleura?

<p>The pleura is a double-layered serous membrane that encloses the lungs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is another name for breathing?

<p>Another name for breathing is pulmonary ventilation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is included in one breath?

<p>A breath is one complete respiratory cycle that consists of one inhalation and one exhalation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does air move into the lungs during inhalation?

<p>Air flows into the lungs because the pressure is lower inside than outside.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does air move out of the lungs during exhalation?

<p>Air flows from within the lungs to the outside of the body until the two pressures are equal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is the respiratory center located?

<p>The respiratory center is located in the pons and medulla oblongata regions of the brain stem.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens if there is an increase in carbon dioxide in the blood?

<p>Receptors stimulate the respiratory center to increase the rate and depth of breathing, decreasing the concentrations back to normal levels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are examples of nonrespiratory air movements?

<p>Examples include sneezing, coughing, sighing, hiccupping, crying, laughing, and yawning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cartilage in the walls of the trachea and bronchi undergoes ____ due to aging.

<p>progressive calcification</p> Signup and view all the answers

Bronchioles are replaced by ____ tissue and are less able to stretch and contract due to aging.

<p>fibrous</p> Signup and view all the answers

With aging, alveoli lose some ____ recoil and walls deteriorate between adjacent alveoli.

<p>elastic</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

External Respiration

Gas exchange between the lungs and blood.

Internal Respiration

Gas exchange between blood and body tissues.

Upper Respiratory Tract

Nose, pharynx, and larynx.

Lower Respiratory Tract

Trachea, bronchial tree, and lungs.

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Nasal Cavity

The air space inside the nose.

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Nasal Septum

Divides the nasal cavity.

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Nostrils

Air entry points into the nose.

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Internal Nares

Openings to the pharynx from the nasal cavity.

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Palate

Separates the nasal and oral cavities.

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Uvula

Soft tissue hanging at the back of the throat.

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Hard Palate

Bony part of the palate.

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Soft Palate

Palate part not supported by bone.

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Nasal Conchae

Increase air surface area.

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Paranasal Sinuses

Air-filled cavities in certain skull bones.

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Mucus

Moistens and filters air.

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Cilia

Move mucus.

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Pharynx Sections

Nasopharynx, Oropharynx, Laryngopharynx

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Larynx

Voicebox, protects airway

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Epiglottis

Flap covering the larynx during swallowing.

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Glottis

Opening between true vocal cords

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Trachea

Windpipe, connects pharynx to bronchi.

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Bronchial Tree

Branches of airways reaching the lungs.

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Alveoli

Air sacs for gas exchange.

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Lungs

Main organs of respiration.

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Pleura

Membrane surrounding the lungs.

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Study Notes

Functions of the Respiratory System

  • Provides oxygen and removes metabolic waste products in conjunction with the circulatory system.
  • Regulates blood pH levels.

External and Internal Respiration

  • External respiration: Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and blood.
  • Internal respiration: Exchange of gases between blood and tissue cells.

Respiratory Tract Structures

  • Upper respiratory tract: Comprises the nose, pharynx, and larynx.
  • Lower respiratory tract: Includes the trachea, bronchial tree, and lungs.

Components of the Nose

  • Nasal cavity: The interior chamber allowing air passage.
  • Nasal septum: Divides the nasal cavity into two halves.
  • Nostrils: Entrance points for air into the nasal cavity.
  • Internal nares: Openings from nasal cavity to the pharynx.
  • Palate: Separates nasal and oral cavities, with hard and soft components.
  • Uvula: Soft tissue that hangs at the back of the throat.

Nasal Structures and Functions

  • Hard palate: Bony structure; the soft palate is unsupported by bone.
  • Nasal conchae: Increase surface area for warming and moistening air; assist in airflow direction and trap particles in mucous.

Paranasal Sinuses

  • Air-filled cavities located in the frontal, maxillae, ethmoid, and sphenoid bones.
  • Functions include reducing skull weight, producing mucus, and influencing voice resonance.

Mucous Membrane and Cilia

  • Mucus: Moistens, warms, and filters air entering the nasal cavity.
  • Cilia: Propel mucus with trapped particles toward the pharynx for swallowing.

Pharynx Sections

  • Nasopharynx: Located posterior to the nasal cavity.
  • Oropharynx: Located posterior to the oral cavity; receives food, water, and air.
  • Laryngopharynx: Most inferior portion, leading to the esophagus.

Larynx and Vocal Cords

  • Thyroid cartilage: Commonly known as the Adam's apple.
  • Epiglottis: Flap covering the larynx to prevent food and water entry during swallowing.
  • False vocal cords: Protect the airway; true vocal cords: Involved in sound production.
  • Glottis: The opening between true vocal cords leading to the trachea.

Trachea and Bronchial Tree

  • Trachea supported by C-shaped hyaline cartilage for structural integrity.
  • Bronchial tree: Composed of bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli.

Alveolar Structure

  • Alveolar ducts and alveoli feature simple squamous epithelium for rapid gas diffusion (oxygen and carbon dioxide exchanges).

Lung Anatomy

  • Lungs are soft and spongy, primarily composed of air spaces and elastic tissue.
  • Right lung: Shorter, broader with three lobes; left lung: two lobes.

Pleura and Breathing Mechanics

  • Pleura: Double-layered membrane enclosing the lungs.
  • Breathing (pulmonary ventilation): One inhalation and exhalation cycle.

Air Pressure Dynamics

  • Air moves into lungs during inhalation due to lower internal pressure compared to the outside.
  • During exhalation, air flows out until internal pressure equals external pressure.

Respiratory Control Centers

  • Located in the pons and medulla oblongata of the brain stem.
  • Increased carbon dioxide triggers an elevation in breathing rate and depth.

Nonrespiratory Air Movements

  • Includes sneezing, coughing, sighing, hiccupping, crying, laughing, and yawning.

Effects of Aging on the Respiratory System

  • Cartilage: Gradual calcification.
  • Bronchioles: Replacement with fibrous tissue, reducing elasticity.
  • Alveoli: Loss of elastic recoil and deterioration of walls between alveoli.

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Test your knowledge on the respiratory system with this quiz based on Chapter 13. Explore key concepts including external respiration and the functions of the respiratory system. Perfect for students looking to reinforce their understanding of human anatomy and physiology.

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