Respiratory System Overview
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Respiratory System Overview

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Questions and Answers

What is the respiratory main function?

It provides O2 and CO2 exchange between the blood and air.

Which of the following is not an accessory respiratory structure? (Select one)

  • Lungs (correct)
  • Nose
  • Conchae
  • Pleurae
  • Muscles

    • What is the mechanical process of moving air in and out of the lungs?

    Pulmonary ventilation

    What are some accessory respiratory structures? (Select all that apply)

    <p>External Nose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the large thick wall passages that conduct air into the lungs?

    <p>Conducting zone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are small, thin-walled passages where gas exchanges occur?

    <p>Respiratory zone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structures are part of the upper respiratory system conducting zone?

    <p>Nose, Nasal Cavity, Paranasal Sinuses, Pharynx</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structures are part of the lower respiratory system?

    <p>Larynx, Trachea, Bronchi, Lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What separates the oral and nasal cavities?

    <p>Palate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is just inside the nostril and lined with stratified squamous epithelium?

    <p>Vestibule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What blocks insects and debris from entering the nose?

    <p>Vibrissae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What shapes the external nose?

    <p>Vomer (Facial Bone) and Hyaline Cartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are conchae shell-shaped?

    <p>To increase turbulence, directs the air into the pharynx, maximizes surface areas.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do goblet cells secrete?

    <p>Mucus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do ciliated cells do?

    <p>They move things out of the respiratory tract.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is true about the nasal cavity? (Select one)

    <p>The mucosa is ciliated epithelium mixed with mucus-secreting cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the nasopharynx lined with? (Select one)

    <p>Pseudo-stratified Columnar Epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the oropharynx lined with? (Select one)

    <p>Stratified Squamous Epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the laryngopharynx lined with? (Select one)

    <p>Stratified Squamous Epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which of the following pharyngeal regions would you expect to find only air? (Select one)

    <p>Nasopharynx</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The digestive tract continues inferiorly as the _____?

    <p>Esophagus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The respiratory tract continues inferiorly as the _____?

    <p>Trachea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the oropharynx lined with stratified squamous epithelium? (Select one)

    <p>Protects from friction as food is swallowed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does the laryngeal prominence enlarge at puberty, especially in males?

    <p>Laryngeal prominence is more reactive to the hormone testosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the thyroid gland located?

    <p>It is inferior to the thyroid cartilage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The epiglottis is composed of _____ cartilage?

    <p>Elastic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the epiglottis? (Select one)

    <p>Flexible to close over the larynx and trachea during swallowing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of epithelium is in the mucosa of the larynx? (Select one)

    <p>Pseudo stratified ciliated columnar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT part of the anatomy of the trachea? (Select one)

    <p>The inner wall has pseudostratified ciliated cuboidal epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the trachea lined with? (Select one)

    <p>Pseudo-stratified Columnar Epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the cartilage in the respiratory system?

    <p>To keep the trachea open for the airway.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is there less cartilage as passageways decrease in diameter?

    <p>Because the bronchioles expand and exchanges of O2 is needed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does mucus secretion stop beyond bronchioles?

    <p>Because you would be making mucus in a small lumen making it impossible to have air pass through.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between the left lung and right lung?

    <p>The right lung is shorter than the left because the liver rises higher on the right.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The left lung has ____ lobes and ____ fissures. (Select one)

    <p>None of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the left lung smaller than the right?

    <p>It is smaller and narrow because of the heart.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the depression on the medial side where blood vessels and primary bronchi enter?

    <p>Pulmonary Hilum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the macrophages in the alveoli?

    <p>To protect, capture, and engulf environmental pollutants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is true? (Select one)

    <p>The pulmonary capillaries and alveoli are both simple squamous epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is each lung in its separate pleural cavity?

    <p>To prevent friction and allow the lungs to expand without collapsing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is true about the serous membranes associated with the lungs? (Select one)

    <p>Membranes X and Y are two layers of the same membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about lung pleura? (Select one)

    <p>The space between the two pleura contains pleural fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is called when you have inflammation of the pleural membranes?

    <p>Pleurisy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is correct? (Select one)

    <p>The oropharynx is part of the digestive tract and the respiratory tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are pressure differences created to cause airflow?

    <p>By creating negative pressure to draw air into the lungs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about Ohm's Law? (Select one)

    <p>When flow increases, pressure increases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true of the relationship between pressure and volume during ventilation? (Select one)

    <p>During inhalation, the volume increases and the pressure decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process of respiration involves the respiratory system but not the cardiovascular system? (Select one)

    <p>Transport of gases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When does Ppul equal Patm?

    <p>At the end of expiration and inspiration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes intrapleural pressure (Pip)?

    <p>Negative Pip is caused by the tendency of lungs to recoil and collapse and the tendency of the chest wall to enlarge and spring out.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the body create changes in Ppul?

    <p>By the pressure and volume changes due to thoracic changes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pressure changes as you breathe? (Select one)

    <p>Ppul (intrapulmonary pressure)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What would happen if Pip ever equals Patm?

    <p>Lungs collapse = Atelectasis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Puncturing the parietal pleura causes lung collapse because the surface tension is broken when? (Select one)

    <p>Air from outside the body enters the pleural cavity through the wound</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When during the breathing cycle would Patm = Ppul? (Select one)

    <p>Both C and D are correct</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to lung volume when we increase the height and width of the thoracic cavity?

    <p>Increasing the volume, the pressure drops.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which situation(s) resemble(s) that of air flowing into the lungs during normal inspiration? (Select one)

    <p>Blood is drawn into a syringe during venipuncture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is the correct sequence of events that results in inspiration? (Select one)

    <p>4, 1, 2, 3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not an accessory respiratory muscle? (Select one)

    <p>Diaphragm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Respiratory System Overview

    • The main function of the respiratory system is the exchange of oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) between the blood and air.
    • Mechanical air movement in and out of the lungs is known as pulmonary ventilation.

    Accessory Structures

    • Accessory respiratory structures include the external nose, nasal septum, conchae, respiratory epithelium, and respiratory muscles.
    • Lungs are not considered accessory respiratory structures.

    Respiratory Zones

    • Conducting Zone: Large, thick-walled passages that conduct air to the lungs, warm, humidify, and filter it without permitting gas exchange.
    • Respiratory Zone: Small, thin-walled passages where gas exchange occurs (O2 enters blood; CO2 exits to enter lungs).

    Respiratory System Components

    • Upper Respiratory System: Includes the nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, and pharynx.
    • Lower Respiratory System: Comprises the larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs.

    Nasal Cavity Structure

    • The palate separates the oral and nasal cavities.
    • The vestibule is lined with stratified squamous epithelium, located just inside the nostrils and functions to block insects and debris via vibrissae.

    Nasal Conchae Function

    • Conchae are shell-shaped structures that increase air turbulence, directing it into the pharynx and maximizing surface area for contact with the mucosa.

    Mucosa Functions in Nasal Cavity

    • Lined with pseudo-stratified columnar epithelium, it contains goblet cells that secrete mucus to trap particles and ciliated cells that help move mucus out of the respiratory tract.

    Pharynx Lining

    • Nasopharynx: Lined with pseudo-stratified columnar epithelium.
    • Oropharynx and Laryngopharynx: Lined with stratified squamous epithelium for protection against friction during food passage.

    Lung Anatomy

    • The right lung is shorter than the left due to the position of the liver; the left lung is narrower due to space for the heart, featuring a cardiac impression.
    • The left lung consists of two lobes and one fissure, while the right lung has three lobes and two fissures.
    • The pulmonary hilum is the indentation where blood vessels and primary bronchi enter the lungs.

    Alveoli Function

    • Alveoli contain macrophages that protect and engulf pollutants like smoke and other debris.

    Lung Pleurae

    • Each lung is enclosed in its pleural cavity, with two layers of pleurae: visceral and parietal, which produce pleural fluid to reduce friction and prevent lung collapse.

    Airflow Mechanics

    • Airflow is influenced by pressure differences created in the thoracic cavity; inhalation decreases pressure, facilitating air intake.
    • Ohm's Law: When flow increases, pressure increases; the pressure changes during ventilation cycles affect how air moves.

    Summary of Breathing Pressures

    • Normally, intrapleural pressure (Pip) is always less than atmospheric pressure (Patm). If these pressures equalize due to damage, it may cause lung collapse (atelectasis).

    Diaphragm and Accessory Muscles

    • The diaphragm is critical for respiration; other accessory muscles also aid in the process, although the diaphragm itself is not classified as an accessory muscle.

    Important Conditions

    • Pleurisy refers to inflammation of pleural membranes, often due to insufficient pleural fluid, leading to friction and discomfort during breathing.

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    Description

    Explore the fundamental aspects of the respiratory system, including its main functions, accessory structures, and zones. This quiz will test your knowledge on the upper and lower respiratory components, as well as the processes involved in pulmonary ventilation and gas exchange.

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