The Respiratory System (part 2)

What is the function of the epiglottis?

Covering the larynx during swallowing

Which cartilage is attached to the vocal cords and defines the boundaries of the glottis?

Arytenoid cartilages

How do muscles connected to the cartilages influence speech and sound production?

By adjusting their tension

Where is the primary location of voice production?

Larynx Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the vocal cords during voice production?

They vibrate as air passes through Signup and view all the answers

In what activities is the voice production process involved?

Coughing and straining Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the larynx in voice production?

Vocal cords vibrate to produce speech and vocal sounds Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the epiglottis during swallowing?

Covering the larynx to block the entry of substances into the respiratory tract Signup and view all the answers

How does the larynx prevent the inhalation of foreign materials?

By having the epiglottis cover the larynx during swallowing Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the larynx in controlling airflow to the lungs?

Containing muscles that adjust the size of the glottis for precise control of airflow Signup and view all the answers

What is the larynx's role as part of the upper respiratory system?

Serving as a passageway for air traveling between the pharynx and the trachea Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the C-shaped rings in the trachea?

To keep the trachea open when breathing in Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the mucus layer in the trachea?

To trap and remove dirt or particles Signup and view all the answers

Where does the trachea bifurcate into two branches?

In the chest Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the bronchial tree carries air into the lungs?

Bronchi Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of bronchioles in the respiratory system?

Leading from the bronchi to smaller airways Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of alveolar ducts in the respiratory system?

Connecting bronchioles to alveoli for gas exchange Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the alveoli in the respiratory system?

Facilitating the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide Signup and view all the answers

What is bronchodilation?

Widening of the bronchial tubes for increased airflow Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the autonomic nervous system in the bronchial tree?

Regulating the diameter of the bronchial tubes Signup and view all the answers

How can bronchoconstriction be described?

Narrowing of the bronchial tubes to control airflow Signup and view all the answers

Where are the lungs located?

Directly on the diaphragm in caudal part of the thoracic cavity Signup and view all the answers

How is the structure of the lungs described?

Divided into lobes with grooves outside and major bronchi branches inside Signup and view all the answers

What is the texture of the lungs described as?

Light and spongey Signup and view all the answers

Where does deoxygenated blood enter the lungs via the pulmonary circulation?

Pulmonary artery Signup and view all the answers

During the pulmonary circulation, where does the exchange of carbon dioxide (CO2) and oxygen (O2) primarily occur?

Capillary networks surrounding the alveoli Signup and view all the answers

Where does deoxygenated blood travel through during pulmonary circulation?

Vessels along the bronchial tree Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the alveoli in the respiratory system?

Oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange between blood and air Signup and view all the answers

What is the special fluid called that's present in the sac lining of alveoli?

Surfactant Signup and view all the answers

What surrounds the alveoli in the respiratory system?

Capillaries Signup and view all the answers

Which structures define the boundaries of the thoracic cavity?

Thoracic vertebrae, ribs, sternum, intercostal muscles Signup and view all the answers

Which organs are found within the thoracic cavity?

Heart, lungs Signup and view all the answers

Which structures are found in the mediastinum?

Heart, trachea, esophagus, blood vessels Signup and view all the answers

What is the location of the mediastinum in the body?

Between the lungs Signup and view all the answers

What is the shape of the diaphragm when it is relaxed?

Dome-shaped Signup and view all the answers

What type of muscle is the diaphragm?

Skeletal muscle Signup and view all the answers

Where does the diaphragm form the caudal boundary?

Thorax Signup and view all the answers

What is the shape of the diaphragm when it contracts?

Flattens Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the thorax's volume when the diaphragm is relaxed?

It Increases Signup and view all the answers

What causes the lungs to adhere tightly to the thoracic wall?

Negative intrathoracic pressure Signup and view all the answers

During which processes do the lungs move in sync with the thoracic wall and diaphragm?

Both inhalation and exhalation Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of Inspiration in the respiratory system?

Drawing air into the lungs Signup and view all the answers

During inspiration, what happens to the volume of the thorax?

It enlarges to facilitate air intake Signup and view all the answers

Which muscles are primarily involved in inspiration?

Diaphragm and external intercostal muscles Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of expiration in the respiratory system?

Pushing air out of the lungs Signup and view all the answers

Which muscles are primarily responsible for expiration in the respiratory system?

Internal intercostal and abdominal muscles Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the size of the thorax during expiration in the respiratory system?

The size of the thorax decreases Signup and view all the answers

What does tidal volume represent?

The volume of air moved in and out during normal breathing Signup and view all the answers

What does minute volume measure?

The volume of air breathed in one minute Signup and view all the answers

Which respiratory volume provides a measure of overall respiratory activity?

Minute Volume Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical pH range of blood?

7.35 to 7.45 Signup and view all the answers

How does higher levels of CO2 in the blood affect blood pH?

It leads to a decrease in blood pH Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the brain directs the timing and strength of muscle contractions involved in breathing?

Medulla Oblongata Signup and view all the answers

In addition to conscious control, how else can breathing be controlled?

Mechanically Signup and view all the answers

Which actions dictate the movements of the lungs?

Actions of the rib cage Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the stretch receptors in the lungs during mechanical breathing?

Generating signals in response to changes in lung volume Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the preset, automatic system during mechanical breathing?

Sending nerve impulses to the respiratory center Signup and view all the answers

What happens during mechanical breathing when the lungs are full?

System stops inspiration and starts expiration Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the mechanical control system during breathing?

Establishing baseline breathing patterns Signup and view all the answers

What is the net effect of the mechanical control system on breathing patterns?

Maintenance of a normal, rhythmic, resting breathing baseline pattern Signup and view all the answers

What key blood characteristics are monitored by chemical receptors during breathing?

CO2, pH, and O2 levels Signup and view all the answers

Where are the chemical receptors positioned in the chemical control system during breathing?

Carotid artery, aorta, and brain stem Signup and view all the answers

What notable relationship is observed in the chemical control system for breathing, when CO2 levels increase?

pH levels decrease Signup and view all the answers

What response is triggered by elevated CO2 levels in the blood?

Increase in respiratory rate and depth Signup and view all the answers

How does reduced CO2 in the blood affect blood pH?

Increase in blood pH Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the adjustments triggered by CO2 variations in the blood?

Maintain balance in CO2 and pH levels Signup and view all the answers

How does the respiratory center respond to decreased CO2 levels?

By prompting a decrease in both respiratory rate and depth Signup and view all the answers

What can happen to the respiratory center in the case of severe hypoxia?

Decrease or even a complete cessation of breathing Signup and view all the answers

What is the response of the respiratory center to mild oxygen deficiency (hypoxia)?

Increase in both respiratory rate and depth Signup and view all the answers

What can happen to the respiratory center in cases of severe hypoxia?

It can become so depressed that impulses cannot be effectively sent to respiratory muscles Signup and view all the answers