23.2 Upper Respiratory Tract
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Questions and Answers

What causes the opening to become narrower in the rima glottidis?

  • Adduction of the vocal folds (correct)
  • Lengthening of the vocal folds
  • Abduction of the vocal folds
  • Vocal cord vibration

    • What determines the range of a person's voice?

  • Size of the pharynx
  • Length and thickness of the vocal folds (correct)
  • Volume of air inhaled
  • Shape of the larynx

    • What is the primary factor that determines pitch in sound production?

  • Amount of tension on the vocal folds (correct)
  • Width of the rima glottidis
  • Shape of the arytenoid cartilages
  • Length of the trachea

    • How do males and females differ in terms of vocal fold characteristics?

    <p>Males generally have longer and thicker folds than females</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when tension on the vocal folds is increased?

    <p>Vocal folds vibrate more and produce a higher sound</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the dimension of the rima glottidis change when the vocal folds are abducted?

    <p>It becomes wider</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the larynx?

    <p>To produce sound</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which process does the laryngeal inlet get covered by the epiglottis?

    <p>Swallowing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following actions is referred to as the Valsalva maneuver?

    <p>Holding your breath while forcefully contracting your abdominal muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the vocal folds being open or abducted during normal breathing?

    <p>To allow the passage of air</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between a sneeze and a cough?

    <p>Sneezing is initiated by irritants in the nasal cavity, while coughing is initiated by irritants in the trachea and bronchi.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the larynx assist in increasing pressure in the abdominal cavity?

    <p>By closing off the rima glottidis and contracting the abdominal muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the vibrissae (coarse hairs) in the nasal vestibule?

    <p>To trap large particulates from entering the nasal cavity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which region of the nasal cavity contains the olfactory epithelium?

    <p>The olfactory region</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of epithelium lines the respiratory region of the nasal cavity?

    <p>Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are nosebleeds (epistaxis) more likely to occur during cold weather?

    <p>The mucous membranes become dry and crack</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure drains lacrimal secretions from the eyes into the nasal cavity?

    <p>The nasolacrimal ducts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the extensive vascular network in the lamina propria of the respiratory region?

    <p>To warm and humidify inhaled air</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the Valsalva maneuver?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many cartilages make up the larynx?

    <p>9</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the largest cartilage in the larynx?

    <p>Thyroid cartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the extrinsic muscles of the larynx?

    <p>Moving the larynx</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the larynx is NOT true?

    <p>It is responsible for the production of speech</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the intrinsic muscles of the larynx?

    <p>Sound production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which regions of the pharynx contain tonsils?

    <p>Oropharynx and Laryngopharynx</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the tonsils?

    <p>To provide defense against foreign materials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The laryngopharynx is located _____.

    <p>Posterior to the larynx</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is the laryngopharynx continuous with at its inferior end?

    <p>Larynx anteriorly and Esophagus posteriorly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of epithelium lines the oropharynx and laryngopharynx?

    <p>Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average length of the larynx?

    <p>4 centimeters (1.6 inches)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which region of the nasal cavity is immediately internal to the nostrils?

    <p>Nasal vestibule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the nasopharynx?

    <p>To allow air passage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the soft palate in relation to the nasopharynx?

    <p>It blocks material from entering the nasopharynx</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the vibrissae (coarse hairs) in the nasal vestibule?

    <p>To trap large particulates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which region of the nasal cavity contains the olfactory epithelium that houses the olfactory receptors?

    <p>Olfactory region</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can happen when a person tries to swallow and laugh at the same time?

    <p>The force from the laugh propels material into the nasal cavity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of epithelium lines the respiratory region of the nasal cavity?

    <p>Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the composition of the lateral walls of the pharynx?

    <p>Skeletal muscles that contribute to distensibility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many regions make up the pharynx?

    <p>3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for nosebleeds (epistaxis) being more likely to occur during cold weather?

    <p>The mucous membranes become dry and crack</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of epithelium lines the nasopharynx?

    <p>Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure drains lacrimal secretions from the eyes into the nasal cavity?

    <p>Nasolacrimal ducts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the vocal folds?

    <p>To vibrate and produce sound when air passes between them</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are the vocal folds distinctive from the surrounding tissue?

    <p>They are avascular and white in color</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the opening between the vocal folds?

    <p>Rima glottidis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the extrinsic ligaments attached to the laryngeal cartilages?

    <p>To connect the larynx to the hyoid bone and trachea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the intrinsic ligaments within the larynx?

    <p>To allow for the movement and positioning of the vocal folds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary component of the vocal ligaments?

    <p>Elastic connective tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the laryngeal prominence generally more prominent in males?

    <p>As a result of a narrower laryngeal inlet and testosterone-induced growth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following cartilages of the larynx is composed of elastic cartilage?

    <p>Epiglottis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cartilage are all cartilages of the larynx, except the epiglottis, composed of?

    <p>Hyaline cartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure of the larynx is classified as an intrinsic ligament?

    <p>Arytenoid cartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the epiglottis during swallowing?

    <p>It closes over the laryngeal inlet to prevent food from entering the trachea.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cartilage in the larynx is ring-shaped and located inferior to the thyroid cartilage?

    <p>Cricoid cartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the nasal cavity?

    <p>To condition the air as it enters the respiratory tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the nasal cavity warm the inhaled air?

    <p>By increasing the blood flow in the blood vessels within the nasal cavity lining</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the nasal conchae in the conditioning of inhaled air?

    <p>They cause air turbulence to increase contact with the mucosa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the paranasal sinuses?

    <p>To act as air-filled spaces within the skull bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the cilia lining the nasal cavity?

    <p>To sweep the mucus and trapped contents towards the pharynx</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the extensive vascular network in the lamina propria of the respiratory region of the nasal cavity?

    <p>To regulate the temperature and humidity of the air</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Pharynx

    • The pharynx is a muscular tube that serves as a common passageway for food and air.
    • It is divided into three regions: nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx.
    • The nasopharynx is the superiormost region, located posterior to the nasal cavity and superior to the soft palate.
    • The oropharynx is the middle region, located behind the oral cavity and below the nasopharynx.
    • The laryngopharynx is the inferior region, located behind the larynx and connected to the esophagus.

    Tonsils

    • The palatine tonsils are located on the lateral walls of the oropharynx.
    • The lingual tonsils are located at the base of the tongue in the anterior region of the oropharynx.
    • Tonsils provide defense against ingested or inhaled foreign materials.

    Larynx

    • The larynx, also known as the voice box, is a cylindrical structure located at the entrance of the trachea.
    • It is about 4 cm in length and is lined by a nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium.
    • The larynx is composed of nine cartilages, including the thyroid, cricoid, epiglottis, arytenoid, corniculate, and cuneiform cartilages.
    • The thyroid cartilage is the largest and forms the anterior and lateral walls of the larynx.
    • The epiglottis is a leaf-shaped cartilage that projects into the pharynx and closes over the laryngeal inlet during swallowing.

    Sound Production

    • Sound production occurs when the vocal folds vibrate as air is forced past them during expiration.
    • The characteristics of sound include range, pitch, and loudness.
    • The range of a voice is determined by the length and thickness of the vocal folds.
    • Pitch is determined by the amount of tension on the vocal folds.
    • The vocal folds are composed of elastic connective tissue and are covered with a mucosa.

    Functions of the Larynx

    • The larynx produces sound through the vibration of the vocal folds.
    • It serves as a passageway for air and prevents ingested materials from entering the respiratory tract.
    • It assists in increasing pressure in the abdominal cavity during the Valsalva maneuver.
    • It participates in both the sneeze and cough reflexes.

    Nasal Cavity

    • The nasal cavity is divided into three parts: nasal vestibule, olfactory region, and respiratory region.
    • The nasal vestibule is lined by skin and coarse hairs called vibrissae to trap large particulates.
    • The olfactory region contains the olfactory epithelium and detects different odors.
    • The respiratory region is lined by a mucosa composed of pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium.
    • The nasal cavity conditions the air by warming, cleansing, and humidifying it as it enters the respiratory tract.

    Paranasal Sinuses

    • The paranasal sinuses are associated with the nasal cavity and are located in the skull bones.
    • They are named for the specific skull bones in which they are located.
    • The paranasal sinuses have several functions, including warming and humidifying the air, and producing mucus to trap dust and bacteria.

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    Upper Respiratory Tract, PDF

    Description

    Explore the anatomy of the nasal cavity with a focus on the nasal septum through dissection. Learn about the three parts of the nasal cavity and their functions - the nasal vestibule, olfactory region, and respiratory region.

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