23.2 Upper Respiratory Tract

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Questions and Answers

What causes the opening to become narrower in the rima glottidis?

  • Adduction of the vocal folds (correct)
  • Lengthening of the vocal folds
  • Abduction of the vocal folds
  • Vocal cord vibration

What determines the range of a person's voice?

  • Size of the pharynx
  • Length and thickness of the vocal folds (correct)
  • Volume of air inhaled
  • Shape of the larynx

What is the primary factor that determines pitch in sound production?

  • Amount of tension on the vocal folds (correct)
  • Width of the rima glottidis
  • Shape of the arytenoid cartilages
  • Length of the trachea

How do males and females differ in terms of vocal fold characteristics?

<p>Males generally have longer and thicker folds than females (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens when tension on the vocal folds is increased?

<p>Vocal folds vibrate more and produce a higher sound (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the dimension of the rima glottidis change when the vocal folds are abducted?

<p>It becomes wider (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the larynx?

<p>To produce sound (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which process does the laryngeal inlet get covered by the epiglottis?

<p>Swallowing (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following actions is referred to as the Valsalva maneuver?

<p>Holding your breath while forcefully contracting your abdominal muscles (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the vocal folds being open or abducted during normal breathing?

<p>To allow the passage of air (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between a sneeze and a cough?

<p>Sneezing is initiated by irritants in the nasal cavity, while coughing is initiated by irritants in the trachea and bronchi. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the larynx assist in increasing pressure in the abdominal cavity?

<p>By closing off the rima glottidis and contracting the abdominal muscles (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the vibrissae (coarse hairs) in the nasal vestibule?

<p>To trap large particulates from entering the nasal cavity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which region of the nasal cavity contains the olfactory epithelium?

<p>The olfactory region (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of epithelium lines the respiratory region of the nasal cavity?

<p>Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are nosebleeds (epistaxis) more likely to occur during cold weather?

<p>The mucous membranes become dry and crack (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure drains lacrimal secretions from the eyes into the nasal cavity?

<p>The nasolacrimal ducts (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the extensive vascular network in the lamina propria of the respiratory region?

<p>To warm and humidify inhaled air (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the Valsalva maneuver?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many cartilages make up the larynx?

<p>9 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the largest cartilage in the larynx?

<p>Thyroid cartilage (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the extrinsic muscles of the larynx?

<p>Moving the larynx (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the larynx is NOT true?

<p>It is responsible for the production of speech (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the intrinsic muscles of the larynx?

<p>Sound production (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which regions of the pharynx contain tonsils?

<p>Oropharynx and Laryngopharynx (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the tonsils?

<p>To provide defense against foreign materials (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The laryngopharynx is located _____.

<p>Posterior to the larynx (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is the laryngopharynx continuous with at its inferior end?

<p>Larynx anteriorly and Esophagus posteriorly (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of epithelium lines the oropharynx and laryngopharynx?

<p>Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the average length of the larynx?

<p>4 centimeters (1.6 inches) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which region of the nasal cavity is immediately internal to the nostrils?

<p>Nasal vestibule (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the nasopharynx?

<p>To allow air passage (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the soft palate in relation to the nasopharynx?

<p>It blocks material from entering the nasopharynx (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the vibrissae (coarse hairs) in the nasal vestibule?

<p>To trap large particulates (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which region of the nasal cavity contains the olfactory epithelium that houses the olfactory receptors?

<p>Olfactory region (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can happen when a person tries to swallow and laugh at the same time?

<p>The force from the laugh propels material into the nasal cavity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of epithelium lines the respiratory region of the nasal cavity?

<p>Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the composition of the lateral walls of the pharynx?

<p>Skeletal muscles that contribute to distensibility (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many regions make up the pharynx?

<p>3 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for nosebleeds (epistaxis) being more likely to occur during cold weather?

<p>The mucous membranes become dry and crack (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of epithelium lines the nasopharynx?

<p>Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure drains lacrimal secretions from the eyes into the nasal cavity?

<p>Nasolacrimal ducts (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the vocal folds?

<p>To vibrate and produce sound when air passes between them (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are the vocal folds distinctive from the surrounding tissue?

<p>They are avascular and white in color (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the opening between the vocal folds?

<p>Rima glottidis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the extrinsic ligaments attached to the laryngeal cartilages?

<p>To connect the larynx to the hyoid bone and trachea (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the intrinsic ligaments within the larynx?

<p>To allow for the movement and positioning of the vocal folds (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary component of the vocal ligaments?

<p>Elastic connective tissue (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is the laryngeal prominence generally more prominent in males?

<p>As a result of a narrower laryngeal inlet and testosterone-induced growth. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following cartilages of the larynx is composed of elastic cartilage?

<p>Epiglottis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of cartilage are all cartilages of the larynx, except the epiglottis, composed of?

<p>Hyaline cartilage (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure of the larynx is classified as an intrinsic ligament?

<p>Arytenoid cartilage (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the epiglottis during swallowing?

<p>It closes over the laryngeal inlet to prevent food from entering the trachea. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cartilage in the larynx is ring-shaped and located inferior to the thyroid cartilage?

<p>Cricoid cartilage (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the nasal cavity?

<p>To condition the air as it enters the respiratory tract (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the nasal cavity warm the inhaled air?

<p>By increasing the blood flow in the blood vessels within the nasal cavity lining (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the nasal conchae in the conditioning of inhaled air?

<p>They cause air turbulence to increase contact with the mucosa (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the paranasal sinuses?

<p>To act as air-filled spaces within the skull bones (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the cilia lining the nasal cavity?

<p>To sweep the mucus and trapped contents towards the pharynx (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the extensive vascular network in the lamina propria of the respiratory region of the nasal cavity?

<p>To regulate the temperature and humidity of the air (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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Study Notes

Pharynx

  • The pharynx is a muscular tube that serves as a common passageway for food and air.
  • It is divided into three regions: nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx.
  • The nasopharynx is the superiormost region, located posterior to the nasal cavity and superior to the soft palate.
  • The oropharynx is the middle region, located behind the oral cavity and below the nasopharynx.
  • The laryngopharynx is the inferior region, located behind the larynx and connected to the esophagus.

Tonsils

  • The palatine tonsils are located on the lateral walls of the oropharynx.
  • The lingual tonsils are located at the base of the tongue in the anterior region of the oropharynx.
  • Tonsils provide defense against ingested or inhaled foreign materials.

Larynx

  • The larynx, also known as the voice box, is a cylindrical structure located at the entrance of the trachea.
  • It is about 4 cm in length and is lined by a nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium.
  • The larynx is composed of nine cartilages, including the thyroid, cricoid, epiglottis, arytenoid, corniculate, and cuneiform cartilages.
  • The thyroid cartilage is the largest and forms the anterior and lateral walls of the larynx.
  • The epiglottis is a leaf-shaped cartilage that projects into the pharynx and closes over the laryngeal inlet during swallowing.

Sound Production

  • Sound production occurs when the vocal folds vibrate as air is forced past them during expiration.
  • The characteristics of sound include range, pitch, and loudness.
  • The range of a voice is determined by the length and thickness of the vocal folds.
  • Pitch is determined by the amount of tension on the vocal folds.
  • The vocal folds are composed of elastic connective tissue and are covered with a mucosa.

Functions of the Larynx

  • The larynx produces sound through the vibration of the vocal folds.
  • It serves as a passageway for air and prevents ingested materials from entering the respiratory tract.
  • It assists in increasing pressure in the abdominal cavity during the Valsalva maneuver.
  • It participates in both the sneeze and cough reflexes.

Nasal Cavity

  • The nasal cavity is divided into three parts: nasal vestibule, olfactory region, and respiratory region.
  • The nasal vestibule is lined by skin and coarse hairs called vibrissae to trap large particulates.
  • The olfactory region contains the olfactory epithelium and detects different odors.
  • The respiratory region is lined by a mucosa composed of pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium.
  • The nasal cavity conditions the air by warming, cleansing, and humidifying it as it enters the respiratory tract.

Paranasal Sinuses

  • The paranasal sinuses are associated with the nasal cavity and are located in the skull bones.
  • They are named for the specific skull bones in which they are located.
  • The paranasal sinuses have several functions, including warming and humidifying the air, and producing mucus to trap dust and bacteria.

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