Human Anatomy: Respiratory System Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What role do the olfactory receptors in the nasal cavity play?

  • Filtration of bacteria
  • Regulating airflow into the lungs
  • Humidifying the air
  • Sense of smell (correct)

Which structure increases the surface area of the mucosa in the nasal cavity?

  • Conchae (correct)
  • Soft palate
  • Palate
  • Goblet cells

What is the primary function of mucus in the nasal cavity?

  • To bind oxygen molecules
  • To provide structural support
  • To enhance sound resonance
  • To moisten air and trap debris (correct)

What are the paranasal sinuses named after?

<p>Their location in the skull (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary function of the respiratory mucosa in the nasal cavity?

<p>To filter and warm incoming air (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do ciliated cells contribute to nasal health?

<p>By moving contaminated mucus toward the throat (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What separates the nasal cavity from the oral cavity?

<p>Soft palate (B), Hard palate (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate length of the pharynx in centimeters?

<p>12-14 cm (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure forms the entrance to the larynx?

<p>Epiglottis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the larynx?

<p>To produce speech (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which tonsils are located in the oropharynx?

<p>Palatine tonsils (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinct characteristic does the cricoid cartilage have?

<p>Only complete cartilaginous ring (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the pharynx drains the middle ear?

<p>Nasopharynx (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the vocal cords in the larynx?

<p>Produce sound (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the epiglottis during swallowing?

<p>Covers the larynx opening (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What connects the larynx to the bronchi?

<p>Trachea (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the V/Q ratio being lower at the base of the lung compared to the apex?

<p>It results in a greater increase in inspired volume at the base. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions is typically associated with a low V/Q ratio?

<p>Atelectasis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of a high V/Q ratio in relation to gas exchange?

<p>Increased PO2 and decreased PCO2 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does gravity affect perfusion in the lungs?

<p>It increases perfusion at the base. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which scenario correctly represents a dead space in terms of V/Q ratio?

<p>Blood bypassing ventilated areas without gas exchange. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the C-shaped cartilaginous rings in the trachea?

<p>To maintain tracheal structure and prevent collapse (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What enables conscious control of breathing?

<p>Cerebral cortex (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the first line of defense against pathogens in the alveoli?

<p>Macrophages (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the main bronchi is true?

<p>The right main bronchus is shorter and straighter than the left. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are large particles of debris filtered out of the air inhaled through the nose?

<p>Cilia and mucus from the nasal cavity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of cilia in the trachea?

<p>To propel mucus away from the lungs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many lobar bronchi are found in the right lung?

<p>Three (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to foreign particles transported by the mucociliary escalator?

<p>They are swallowed and eliminated by the digestive system. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What separates the lobes of the lungs?

<p>Fissures (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do lymphatic vessels in the trachea play?

<p>They transport immune cells to trap foreign particles. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What mechanism allows sputum and substances to be expelled from the respiratory tract?

<p>Muscle contraction around the trachea (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of pleural fluid?

<p>To allow easy gliding of lungs over the thoracic wall (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What increases the thickness of the fluid covering cilia in the bronchioles?

<p>Increased mucus production (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes terminal bronchioles?

<p>They are considered the last conducting passageways. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is found deep to the clavicle in relation to the lungs?

<p>The apex of the lung (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the respiratory defense mechanisms is true?

<p>Mucus traps small particles and aids in their expulsion. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of surfactant produced by type II cells in the alveoli?

<p>It reduces surface tension and prevents collapse of the alveoli. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cell type is primarily responsible for gas exchange in the alveoli?

<p>Type I cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of alveolar pores?

<p>To connect neighboring air sacs for alternative air routes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primarily constitutes the respiratory membrane?

<p>Thin layers of alveolar and capillary walls. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes conducting zone structures from respiratory zone structures?

<p>Conducting zone structures serve as air conduits, while respiratory zones are sites of gas exchange. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the function of alveolar macrophages?

<p>They clean up debris and pathogens in the alveoli. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for the thinness of the alveolar walls?

<p>To facilitate the rapid diffusion of gases. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do terminal bronchioles relate to the respiratory zone?

<p>They mark the end of the conducting zone and lead directly to alveoli. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Cilia

Tiny hairs in the nasal mucosa that move mucus towards the throat.

Mucus

A sticky substance in the nose that traps foreign particles like bacteria and debris.

Air Conditioning of Air

The process of filtering, warming, and humidifying air before it enters the lungs.

Paranasal Sinuses

Bony cavities connected to the nasal cavity that act as resonating chambers for sound.

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Pharynx

The part of the throat where the respiratory and digestive systems meet.

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Olfaction

The sense of smell, crucial for detecting potential dangers and enjoying flavors.

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Nasal Resistance

The ability of the nose and nasal cavity to keep the flow of air in the lungs regulated.

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Respiratory Mucosa

The lining of the nasal cavity that warms and filters incoming air.

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Nasopharynx

The upper section of the throat, connected to the nasal cavity, where air enters the respiratory system.

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Laryngopharynx

The lower section of the throat, connecting the oropharynx to the larynx, where food and air finally separate.

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Epiglottis

A flap of cartilage that covers the opening to the larynx during swallowing, preventing food from entering the airway.

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Glottis

The opening between the vocal cords in the larynx, through which air passes for breathing and speech.

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Thyroid Cartilage

The largest cartilage in the larynx, forming the Adam's Apple.

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Cricoid Cartilage

The only complete ring of cartilage in the larynx, located below the thyroid cartilage.

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Arytenoid Cartilages

Cartilages in the larynx that work with the thyroid cartilage to control vocal cord movement, enabling sound production.

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What supports the trachea?

C-shaped rings of cartilage that support the trachea, preventing it from collapsing.

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How does the trachea protect the lungs?

The trachea's inner lining, trapping dust and germs before they reach the lungs.

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How does the trachea clear itself?

Tiny hairs lining the trachea that move mucus upwards, clearing the airways.

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What are the main bronchi?

The two main branches of the trachea, leading to the right and left lungs.

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How do the main bronchi differ?

The right main bronchus is wider, shorter, and straighter than the left.

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What are bronchioles?

The branching network within each lung lobe, facilitating airflow and drainage.

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What are alveoli?

The thin-walled structures within the lungs where gas exchange occurs.

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What is the pleura?

A thin membrane covering the lungs that allows for smooth movement during breathing.

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What is the V/Q ratio?

The ratio of ventilation (airflow) to perfusion (blood flow) in the lungs.

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What is a high V/Q ratio?

Occurs when ventilation is greater than perfusion, leading to wasted ventilation as blood does not fully utilize the available oxygen.

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What is a low V/Q ratio?

When perfusion exceeds ventilation, meaning blood bypasses some areas of the lungs, leading to inadequate oxygenation.

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What is a pulmonary embolism?

A common cause of a high V/Q ratio, where a blood clot blocks blood flow in the lungs, affecting gas exchange.

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What is atelectasis?

A common cause of a low V/Q ratio, where a collapsed lung section reduces ventilation, causing blood to bypass those areas.

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Bronchioles

The smallest conducting airways leading to the respiratory zone where gas exchange occurs.

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Alveoli

The site of gas exchange in the lungs, where oxygen enters the blood and carbon dioxide is released.

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Surfactant

A substance produced by type II pneumocytes in alveoli, reducing surface tension and preventing their collapse during exhalation.

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Type I Pneumocytes

Thin, flat epithelial cells in alveoli that allow for gas diffusion and act as a barrier against leaks.

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Type II Pneumocytes

Cuboidal cells in alveoli responsible for producing, storing, and releasing surfactant.

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Respiratory Membrane

The combined thin structures of the alveolar wall, capillary wall, and their fused basement membranes, allowing for gas exchange.

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Alveolar Macrophages

Specialized macrophages that patrol alveoli, engulfing debris and pathogens to keep the air sacs clean.

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Alveolar Pores

Tiny pores connecting neighboring alveoli, providing alternative pathways for air to reach them if a bronchiole is blocked.

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Conscious Breath Control

The brain's ability to consciously control breathing, overriding the automatic breathing center in the brainstem. This allows us to perform actions like singing, speaking, and holding our breath.

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Respiratory Defenses

The complex system of defenses in the respiratory tract, protecting it from inhaled particles and pathogens.

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Mucociliary Escalator

The coordinated movement of cilia and mucus, transporting debris up and out of the airways, like a moving escalator.

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Macrophages

Specialized cells within the alveoli that engulf and destroy bacteria and viruses, acting as the first line of defense in the deeper airways.

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Lymphatic System

The network of vessels throughout the body that carry lymph fluid, containing immune cells that fight infection.

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Mediastinum

The region between the lungs that contains lymph nodes, which store particles collected by macrophages.

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