Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following structures is NOT part of the upper respiratory system?
Which of the following structures is NOT part of the upper respiratory system?
The nasal cavity is lined with keratinized stratified squamous epithelium.
The nasal cavity is lined with keratinized stratified squamous epithelium.
False
What is the primary function of the paranasal sinuses?
What is the primary function of the paranasal sinuses?
To lighten the skull and provide resonance.
The two bones forming the floor of the nasal cavity are the __________ and __________.
The two bones forming the floor of the nasal cavity are the __________ and __________.
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Match the nasal conchae with their functions:
Match the nasal conchae with their functions:
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Which epithelium lines the superior portion of the nasal cavity?
Which epithelium lines the superior portion of the nasal cavity?
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What is one function of the nasal conchae during inhalation?
What is one function of the nasal conchae during inhalation?
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The pharyngeal tonsil is located in the oropharynx.
The pharyngeal tonsil is located in the oropharynx.
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Name the type of epithelial tissue lining the nasopharynx.
Name the type of epithelial tissue lining the nasopharynx.
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The ____ is responsible for connecting the laryngopharynx to the trachea.
The ____ is responsible for connecting the laryngopharynx to the trachea.
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Match the following structures of the respiratory system with their functions:
Match the following structures of the respiratory system with their functions:
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What is the primary epithelial tissue found lining the trachea?
What is the primary epithelial tissue found lining the trachea?
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The choanae serve as openings from the nasal cavity into the lungs.
The choanae serve as openings from the nasal cavity into the lungs.
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What is the main function of the epiglottis?
What is the main function of the epiglottis?
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The trachea is made up of complete rings of cartilage.
The trachea is made up of complete rings of cartilage.
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What type of cells line the alveoli and are primarily responsible for gas exchange?
What type of cells line the alveoli and are primarily responsible for gas exchange?
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The __________ is the space between the vocal cords in the larynx.
The __________ is the space between the vocal cords in the larynx.
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Match the following respiratory structures to their functions:
Match the following respiratory structures to their functions:
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Which statement best describes the rima glottidis?
Which statement best describes the rima glottidis?
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The main/primary bronchus branches into lobar/secondary bronchi.
The main/primary bronchus branches into lobar/secondary bronchi.
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What structure marks the bifurcation of the trachea into left and right primary bronchi?
What structure marks the bifurcation of the trachea into left and right primary bronchi?
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What is the main muscle responsible for inhalation?
What is the main muscle responsible for inhalation?
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The __________ are thick folds of tissue above the true vocal cords.
The __________ are thick folds of tissue above the true vocal cords.
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Exhalation is an active process under normal circumstances.
Exhalation is an active process under normal circumstances.
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What occurs during internal respiration?
What occurs during internal respiration?
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The muscle that helps in forced inspiration by lifting the ribs is the __________.
The muscle that helps in forced inspiration by lifting the ribs is the __________.
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What happens to O2 and CO2 during external respiration?
What happens to O2 and CO2 during external respiration?
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Match the muscles to their primary functions in respiration:
Match the muscles to their primary functions in respiration:
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What is pulmonary ventilation?
What is pulmonary ventilation?
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What instrument is used to measure lung volumes and capacities?
What instrument is used to measure lung volumes and capacities?
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What is the primary function of the superior lobe of the lung?
What is the primary function of the superior lobe of the lung?
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The middle lobe is present in both the right and left lungs.
The middle lobe is present in both the right and left lungs.
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What is the main function of alveoli?
What is the main function of alveoli?
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The _______ pleura protects the lungs directly.
The _______ pleura protects the lungs directly.
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Match the following lung structures with their functions:
Match the following lung structures with their functions:
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What occurs during bronchoconstriction?
What occurs during bronchoconstriction?
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Pleural membranes allow the lungs to slide over the chest wall with minimal friction.
Pleural membranes allow the lungs to slide over the chest wall with minimal friction.
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What type of epithelium is present in the trachea?
What type of epithelium is present in the trachea?
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Pulmonary _______ carry deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs.
Pulmonary _______ carry deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs.
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Which lung lobe houses alveoli primarily involved in oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange?
Which lung lobe houses alveoli primarily involved in oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange?
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Study Notes
Respiratory System Anatomy and Physiology
- The respiratory system facilitates gas exchange, maintains blood pH, filters air, and houses olfactory receptors.
- The upper respiratory system (nose & pharynx) and lower respiratory system (larynx, trachea, bronchi & lungs) are distinct.
Nose and Nasal Cavity
- External nares (nostrils) are the entry points for air.
- Internal hairs filter incoming air, while the nasal cavity (divided by septum) warms and moisturizes air.
- Eight bones form the nose and nasal cavity.
- Four paranasal sinuses (frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, maxillary) lighten the skull and resonate sound.
- Maxilla and palatine bones form the nasal cavity floor.
- Sphenoid and ethmoid bones form the nasal cavity roof.
- Epithelial lining:
- Anterior nasal cavity: non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
- Superior nasal cavity: olfactory epithelium
- Inferior nasal cavity: pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium.
- Nasal conchae and meatuses:
- Function (inhalation): filter foreign particles, swirl and warm inhaled air.
- Epithelia (inhalation): pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
- Function (exhalation): reabsorb moisture from the air.
- Epithelia (exhalation): ciliated columnar epithelium
- Choanae (internal nares): openings from the nasal cavity to the pharynx.
Pharynx
- The pharynx is a passageway for air and food.
- Three regions: nasopharynx (pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium), oropharynx, and laryngopharynx (non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium).
- Structures like pharyngeal tonsils, Eustachian tube openings, and palatine/lingual tonsils are housed here.
Larynx
- Connects the laryngopharynx to the trachea; contains vocal cords.
- Superior vocal cords: non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium.
- Inferior vocal cords: pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium.
- Vocal cords vibrate to produce sound when air passes through.
Trachea
- A continuation of the larynx, supported by C-shaped hyaline cartilage rings for support.
- Mucosa lining: pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium for mucus secretion and particle removal.
Bronchi
- The trachea branches into left and right primary bronchi at the carina.
- Bronchial tree branches continuously narrowing.
- Epithelium changes down the bronchial tree:pseudostratified columnar to cuboidal.
- Cartilage support diminishes from rings to plates to absent in terminal bronchioles, with increasing surrounding smooth muscle.
Lungs
- Surrounded by visceral and parietal pleurae.
- Pleural cavity contains serous fluid to reduce friction.
- Hilum: medial surface for structures (bronchi, blood vessels, nerves) to enter/exit.
- Divided into lobes, segments, and lobules.
- Terminal bronchioles branch into respiratory bronchioles, then alveolar ducts and sacs.
- Alveoli: simple squamous epithelium forming site of gas exchange, surrounded by capillaries.
- Type I alveolar cells: simple squamous epithelium; Type II alveolar cells: surfactant secretion.
- Respiratory membrane: alveolar wall, basement membrane, capillary basement membrane, and capillary endothelium.
Pulmonary Function Tests
- Pulmonary ventilation: movement of air in and out of the lungs.
- Inhalation: active (diaphragm & external intercostal muscles contract)
- Exhalation: usually passive (diaphragm & external intercostal muscles relax)
- Forced ventilation (exercise): accessory muscles (sternocleidomastoid, pectoralis minor) contract.
- Forced exhalation: abdominal muscles & internal intercostals contract.
- External respiration: gas exchange across the respiratory membrane (alveoli & pulmonary capillaries).
- Internal respiration: gas exchange between systemic capillaries and body tissues.
- Spirometry: measures lung volumes and capacities (tidal volume, inspiratory/expiratory reserve volumes, vital capacity, residual volume, total lung capacity).
- Dead space: volume in non-alveolar regions of respiratory system unavailable for gas exchange.
Histology
- Trachea and esophagus cross-section observations highlight different epithelial types and support structures (hyaline cartilage).
- Lung tissue observations show bronchioles, alveoli, and pulmonary capillaries at various magnifications.
- Emphysema: destruction of alveolar walls causing reduced gas exchange surface area.
Epithelial Correlations
- Different respiratory tract areas have specific epithelium types tailored to their functions (protection, filtration, gas exchange).
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Description
This quiz covers the anatomy and physiology of the respiratory system, focusing on gas exchange, the structural components of the upper and lower respiratory tracts, and the functions of various nasal structures. Test your knowledge on the roles of the nasal cavity and associated sinuses.
