Respiratory System Anatomy and Physiology
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following structures is NOT part of the upper respiratory system?

  • Nose
  • Larynx (correct)
  • Pharynx
  • Nasal cavity

    • The nasal cavity is lined with keratinized stratified squamous epithelium.

    False

    What is the primary function of the paranasal sinuses?

    To lighten the skull and provide resonance.

    The two bones forming the floor of the nasal cavity are the __________ and __________.

    <p>Maxilla and palatine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the nasal conchae with their functions:

    <p>Superior nasal concha = Traps dust particles Middle nasal concha = Filters air Inferior nasal concha = Regulates airflow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which epithelium lines the superior portion of the nasal cavity?

    <p>Olfactory epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one function of the nasal conchae during inhalation?

    <p>Filter foreign particles in the air</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The pharyngeal tonsil is located in the oropharynx.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name the type of epithelial tissue lining the nasopharynx.

    <p>Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ____ is responsible for connecting the laryngopharynx to the trachea.

    <p>larynx</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following structures of the respiratory system with their functions:

    <p>Nasal cavity = Filters, warms, and moistens incoming air Larynx = Contains vocal cords for sound production Trachea = Supports the airway and prevents collapse Tonsils = Trap and destroy pathogens entering through mouth or nose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary epithelial tissue found lining the trachea?

    <p>Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The choanae serve as openings from the nasal cavity into the lungs.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the epiglottis?

    <p>Direct food to the esophagus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The trachea is made up of complete rings of cartilage.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cells line the alveoli and are primarily responsible for gas exchange?

    <p>Type I alveolar cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ is the space between the vocal cords in the larynx.

    <p>glottis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following respiratory structures to their functions:

    <p>Trachea = Conducts air to and from the lungs Vestibular folds = Protect true vocal cords Alveolar ducts = Lead to alveolar sacs Terminal bronchiole = Marks end of the conducting zone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the rima glottidis?

    <p>It is the opening that allows sound production.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The main/primary bronchus branches into lobar/secondary bronchi.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure marks the bifurcation of the trachea into left and right primary bronchi?

    <p>carina</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main muscle responsible for inhalation?

    <p>Diaphragm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ are thick folds of tissue above the true vocal cords.

    <p>vestibular folds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Exhalation is an active process under normal circumstances.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during internal respiration?

    <p>Oxygen diffuses from the systemic capillaries into the tissue cells and CO2 diffuses from the tissue cells into the systemic capillaries.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The muscle that helps in forced inspiration by lifting the ribs is the __________.

    <p>pectoral minor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to O2 and CO2 during external respiration?

    <p>O2 is gained by blood, CO2 is lost by alveoli.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the muscles to their primary functions in respiration:

    <p>Diaphragm = Main muscle of respiration Internal intercostals = Depress ribs during exhalation Sternocleidomastoid = Aids in forced inhalation Rectus abdominis = Helps in forced exhalation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is pulmonary ventilation?

    <p>Movement of air into and out of the lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What instrument is used to measure lung volumes and capacities?

    <p>Spirometer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the superior lobe of the lung?

    <p>Gas exchange</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The middle lobe is present in both the right and left lungs.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of alveoli?

    <p>Gas exchange</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The _______ pleura protects the lungs directly.

    <p>visceral</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following lung structures with their functions:

    <p>Trachea = Provides structural support Pulmonary capillary = Site of gas exchange Alveolar duct = Leads to alveoli Respiratory bronchioles = Transition to respiratory zone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during bronchoconstriction?

    <p>Airway diameter decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pleural membranes allow the lungs to slide over the chest wall with minimal friction.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of epithelium is present in the trachea?

    <p>Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pulmonary _______ carry deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs.

    <p>arterioles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which lung lobe houses alveoli primarily involved in oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange?

    <p>Inferior lobe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Respiratory System Anatomy and Physiology

    • The respiratory system facilitates gas exchange, maintains blood pH, filters air, and houses olfactory receptors.
    • The upper respiratory system (nose & pharynx) and lower respiratory system (larynx, trachea, bronchi & lungs) are distinct.

    Nose and Nasal Cavity

    • External nares (nostrils) are the entry points for air.
    • Internal hairs filter incoming air, while the nasal cavity (divided by septum) warms and moisturizes air.
    • Eight bones form the nose and nasal cavity.

    • Four paranasal sinuses (frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, maxillary) lighten the skull and resonate sound.
    • Maxilla and palatine bones form the nasal cavity floor.
    • Sphenoid and ethmoid bones form the nasal cavity roof.
    • Epithelial lining:
      • Anterior nasal cavity: non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
      • Superior nasal cavity: olfactory epithelium
      • Inferior nasal cavity: pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium.
    • Nasal conchae and meatuses:
      • Function (inhalation): filter foreign particles, swirl and warm inhaled air.

      • Epithelia (inhalation): pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
      • Function (exhalation): reabsorb moisture from the air.

      • Epithelia (exhalation): ciliated columnar epithelium
    • Choanae (internal nares): openings from the nasal cavity to the pharynx.

    Pharynx

    • The pharynx is a passageway for air and food.

    • Three regions: nasopharynx (pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium), oropharynx, and laryngopharynx (non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium).

    • Structures like pharyngeal tonsils, Eustachian tube openings, and palatine/lingual tonsils are housed here.

    Larynx

    • Connects the laryngopharynx to the trachea; contains vocal cords.
    • Superior vocal cords: non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium.

    • Inferior vocal cords: pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium.

    • Vocal cords vibrate to produce sound when air passes through.

    Trachea

    • A continuation of the larynx, supported by C-shaped hyaline cartilage rings for support.
    • Mucosa lining: pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium for mucus secretion and particle removal.

    Bronchi

    • The trachea branches into left and right primary bronchi at the carina.

    • Bronchial tree branches continuously narrowing.

    • Epithelium changes down the bronchial tree:pseudostratified columnar to cuboidal.
    • Cartilage support diminishes from rings to plates to absent in terminal bronchioles, with increasing surrounding smooth muscle.

    Lungs

    • Surrounded by visceral and parietal pleurae.

    • Pleural cavity contains serous fluid to reduce friction.
    • Hilum: medial surface for structures (bronchi, blood vessels, nerves) to enter/exit.

    • Divided into lobes, segments, and lobules.

    • Terminal bronchioles branch into respiratory bronchioles, then alveolar ducts and sacs.
    • Alveoli: simple squamous epithelium forming site of gas exchange, surrounded by capillaries.

    • Type I alveolar cells: simple squamous epithelium; Type II alveolar cells: surfactant secretion.
    • Respiratory membrane: alveolar wall, basement membrane, capillary basement membrane, and capillary endothelium.

    Pulmonary Function Tests

    • Pulmonary ventilation: movement of air in and out of the lungs.
      • Inhalation: active (diaphragm & external intercostal muscles contract)
      • Exhalation: usually passive (diaphragm & external intercostal muscles relax)
      • Forced ventilation (exercise): accessory muscles (sternocleidomastoid, pectoralis minor) contract.
      • Forced exhalation: abdominal muscles & internal intercostals contract.
    • External respiration: gas exchange across the respiratory membrane (alveoli & pulmonary capillaries).
    • Internal respiration: gas exchange between systemic capillaries and body tissues.
    • Spirometry: measures lung volumes and capacities (tidal volume, inspiratory/expiratory reserve volumes, vital capacity, residual volume, total lung capacity).
    • Dead space: volume in non-alveolar regions of respiratory system unavailable for gas exchange.

    Histology

    • Trachea and esophagus cross-section observations highlight different epithelial types and support structures (hyaline cartilage).
    • Lung tissue observations show bronchioles, alveoli, and pulmonary capillaries at various magnifications.
    • Emphysema: destruction of alveolar walls causing reduced gas exchange surface area.

    Epithelial Correlations

    • Different respiratory tract areas have specific epithelium types tailored to their functions (protection, filtration, gas exchange). ‌

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    Description

    This quiz covers the anatomy and physiology of the respiratory system, focusing on gas exchange, the structural components of the upper and lower respiratory tracts, and the functions of various nasal structures. Test your knowledge on the roles of the nasal cavity and associated sinuses.

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