Pneumonia Overview and Clinical Manifestations
17 Questions
10 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is a primary characteristic of pneumonia caused by an infectious agent?

  • Increased lung compliance leading to hyperinflation
  • Reduced white blood cell count in the bloodstream
  • Decreased alveolar perfusion due to fluid accumulation (correct)
  • Vasodilation of pulmonary blood vessels

    • Which type of pneumonia is primarily acquired in healthcare settings?

  • Community-acquired pneumonia
  • Viral pneumonia
  • Ventilator-associated pneumonia (correct)
  • Aspiration pneumonia

    • What is one of the signficant risk factors associated with hospital-acquired pneumonia?

  • Recent travel history
  • Contaminated respiratory therapy devices (correct)
  • Increased physical activity
  • Routine vaccinations

    • Which of the following symptoms is least likely to be associated with pneumonia in older adults?

    <p>Increased muscle mass</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the appropriate use of antibiotics in pneumonia treatment?

    <p>Used only after a Gram stain has confirmed bacterial infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which clinical manifestation is commonly seen in patients with pneumonia?

    <p>Pleuritic chest pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What additional assessments should a nurse consider for older adult patients suspected of having pneumonia?

    <p>Changes in mental status</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not a supportive treatment for pneumonia?

    <p>Daily exercise regimen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key sign that may indicate the presence of pneumonia?

    <p>Changes in mental status</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nursing intervention is aimed at improving airway patency in a patient with pneumonia?

    <p>Humidification to loosen secretions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication is considered a first-line treatment for tuberculosis?

    <p>Rifampin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What symptom is characteristic of active pulmonary tuberculosis?

    <p>Night sweats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor may contribute to the rising mortality and morbidity rates related to tuberculosis?

    <p>Resistance to TB medications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which assessment finding is significant in evaluating a patient with suspected tuberculosis?

    <p>Size of induration greater than 10 mm on a TB skin test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common complication associated with the treatment of tuberculosis?

    <p>Malnutrition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors does NOT increase the risk of tuberculosis transmission?

    <p>Sitting in a well-ventilated room</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When should the TB skin test results be interpreted?

    <p>48-72 hours after injection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Pneumonia

    • Inflammation of the lung parenchyma caused by microorganisms
    • Upper respiratory tract has decreased defenses, allowing infectious agents to enter the sterile lower respiratory tract
    • Inflammatory reaction in the alveoli produces exudate that interferes with gas exchange
    • White blood cells migrate to the alveoli, filling the normal air spaces
    • Classified by origin: community-acquired, health care-associated, hospital-acquired, ventilator-associated
    • Can also occur in immunocompromised clients and from aspiration
    • Hospital-acquired pneumonia risk factors include: severe acute or chronic illness, contaminated respiratory tract devices or equipment, hands of healthcare personnel, therapeutic agents that depress the CNS, intubation, NG tubes.

    Clinical Manifestations

    • Pleuritic chest pain
    • Confusion or changes in level of consciousness
    • Cough
    • Fatigue
    • Fever
    • Nausea/vomiting
    • Shortness of breath
    • Specific considerations for older adults include: changes in mental status, fatigue, dehydration, lower body temperature, and concomitant heart failure

    Medical Treatment

    • Supportive treatment includes fluids, oxygen for hypoxia, antipyretics, antitussives, decongestants, and antihistamines
    • Antibiotic therapy guided by Gram stain results
    • Empiric antibiotic therapy used if etiologic agent is not identified
    • Antibiotics are not indicated for viral infections but are used for secondary bacterial infection

    Nursing Process: Assessment

    • Changes in temperature and pulse
    • Amount, odor, and color of secretions
    • Frequency and severity of cough
    • Degree of tachypnea or shortness of breath
    • Changes in physical assessment, especially inspection and auscultation of the chest
    • Changes in chest X-ray
    • Changes in mental status, fatigue, dehydration, and concomitant heart failure, especially in older adults

    Nursing Process: Diagnosis

    • Airway clearance
    • Activity intolerance
    • Fluid and electrolyte imbalance
    • Nutrition
    • Knowledge deficit

    Nursing Process: Planning

    • Improving airway patency:
      • Removing secretions: encourage hydration, humidification, coughing techniques, chest physiotherapy, position changes, oxygen therapy
    • Promoting fluid intake:
      • Encourage fluid intake to at least 2 L/day
    • Maintaining nutrition:
      • Provide nutritionally enriched foods and fluids
    • Promoting patient knowledge:
      • Educate on disease process, treatment regimen, and preventive measures
    • Monitoring and managing complications:
      • Potential complications include continuing symptoms after initiation of therapy, sepsis and septic shock, respiratory failure, atelectasis, pleural effusion, delirium

    Pulmonary Tuberculosis

    • Infectious disease primarily affecting the lung parenchyma
    • Caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis
    • Worldwide public health problem with rising mortality and morbidity rates
    • Transmitted through droplet nuclei expelled by infected individuals when coughing, sneezing, talking, laughing, or singing.
    • Not everyone exposed to TB becomes infected, and not everyone infected develops active TB disease
    • Latent TB infection is the asymptomatic state, with 10% progressing to active TB disease

    Symptoms in Active Pulmonary TB

    • Low-grade fever
    • Cough (non-productive, mucopurulent, or hemoptysis)
    • Night sweats
    • Fatigue
    • Weight loss

    Gerontological Considerations for TB

    • Atypical clinical manifestations may be present
    • Unusual behavior and altered mental status
    • Fever
    • Anorexia and weight loss
    • No reaction or delayed reaction on TB skin test

    Assessment and Diagnostic Findings

    • Complete history and physical
    • Chest X-ray
    • TB skin test (read 48-72 hours after injection)
      • Induration greater than 5 mm significant in those at risk
      • Induration greater than 10 mm significant in normal or mildly impaired immunity
    • Sputum smears for acid-fast bacilli
    • Sputum culture and sensitivity

    Medical Management

    • Treatment with chemotherapeutic agents (antituberculosis agents) for 6 to 12 months
    • Prolonged treatment duration is necessary to eradicate organisms and prevent relapse
    • Resistance to TB medications is a global concern and challenge
    • First-line medications include: INH, rifampin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol

    Nursing Process: Assessment for Tuberculosis

    • Diagnoses:
      • Airway clearance related to copious tracheobronchial secretions
      • Ineffective individual management of the therapeutic regimen (noncompliance) related to knowledge deficit
      • Activity intolerance related to fatigue, altered nutritional status, and fever

    Nursing Process: Interventions for Tuberculosis

    • Promoting airway clearance:
      • Encourage hydration, coughing techniques, chest physiotherapy, and position changes
    • Advocating adherence to treatment regimen - DOT (directly observed therapy):
      • Ensure clients take medications as prescribed to prevent transmission and drug resistance
    • Managing side effects:
      • Monitor and manage adverse side effects (hepatitis, neurologic changes, rash, GI upset)
    • Preventing transmission:
      • Implement infection control measures (isolation, proper mask use, hand hygiene)

    Discharge Planning for Tuberculosis

    • Patient education on:
      • Disease process
      • Treatment regimen
      • Importance of adherence
      • Side effects of medications
      • Preventive measures to avoid transmission (hand hygiene, covering cough)
      • Follow-up appointments and monitoring

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Description

    This quiz explores the causes, classifications, and clinical symptoms of pneumonia. It covers the inflammatory processes involved, risk factors for various types of pneumonia, and specific manifestations in different populations, including older adults. Test your knowledge on this important respiratory condition.

    More Like This

    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser