Podcast
Questions and Answers
Each bronchus divides repeatedly and ends in very fine ______.
Each bronchus divides repeatedly and ends in very fine ______.
bronchioles
At the end of the bronchioles are clusters of air sacs known as ______.
At the end of the bronchioles are clusters of air sacs known as ______.
alveoli
The walls of the alveoli form the respiratory surfaces for ______ exchange.
The walls of the alveoli form the respiratory surfaces for ______ exchange.
gaseous
The ______ is a sheet of muscular tissue attached to the thoracic cavity.
The ______ is a sheet of muscular tissue attached to the thoracic cavity.
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Breathing is also known as ______.
Breathing is also known as ______.
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During inhalation, the diaphragm ______ and flattens.
During inhalation, the diaphragm ______ and flattens.
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During exhalation, the diaphragm ______ and arches upwards.
During exhalation, the diaphragm ______ and arches upwards.
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The volume of the thoracic cavity ______ during inhalation.
The volume of the thoracic cavity ______ during inhalation.
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Air pressure inside the lungs is ______ than the atmospheric pressure during inhalation.
Air pressure inside the lungs is ______ than the atmospheric pressure during inhalation.
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The concentration of ______ in blood stimulates the breathing rate.
The concentration of ______ in blood stimulates the breathing rate.
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Study Notes
Respiratory Diseases Caused by Smoking
Chronic Bronchitis
- Caused by smoking and inhalation of polluted air.
- Characterized by paralysis of cilia and inflammation of trachea and bronchi membranes.
- Results in excessive mucus production, chronic cough, and breathing difficulties.
- Airways become narrowed, increasing susceptibility to infections.
- Can progress to emphysema and lung failure.
Emphysema
- Develops from chronic bronchitis and is primarily caused by smoking.
- Involves breakdown of alveoli partition walls and enlargement of alveoli, reducing surface area.
- Lungs lose elasticity, leading to difficulty in breathing.
- Can cause strain on the heart due to breathing difficulties.
- Lung tissue damage is irreversible.
Parts of the Respiratory System
Overview
- Consists of upper and lower respiratory tracts: includes the larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli.
Key Organs and Functions
- Larynx: Voice box that contains vocal cords and serves as an air passage for sound production.
- Trachea: Windpipe, approximately 12 cm long, reinforced by C-shaped cartilage rings to prevent collapse.
- Bronchi: Trachea divides into two bronchi, directing air to each lung.
- Bronchioles: Fine divisions of bronchi that facilitate air passage to alveoli.
- Alveoli: Clusters of air sacs where gaseous exchange occurs with capillaries.
- Diaphragm: Muscular sheet altering thoracic cavity volume to support breathing.
Ciliated Cells and Mucus
- Airways lined with ciliated cells and goblet cells (mucus-secreting).
- Mucus traps inhaled dust and bacteria.
- Cilia sweep mucus towards the pharynx for swallowing.
Breathing Mechanism
Inhalation Process
- Diaphragm contracts and flattens.
- External intercostal muscles contract while internal intercostal muscles relax.
- Ribs move upwards and outwards, increasing thoracic cavity volume.
- Decreased air pressure in the lungs draws air in.
Exhalation Process
- Diaphragm relaxes and arches upwards.
- Internal intercostal muscles contract while external intercostal muscles relax.
- Ribs move downwards and inwards, decreasing thoracic cavity volume.
- Increased air pressure in the lungs forces air out.
Breathing Regulation
- Breathing stimulus primarily based on carbon dioxide concentration in the blood.
- Oxygen concentration does not significantly affect breathing rate.
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Description
This quiz explores the causes, signs, and symptoms of chronic bronchitis, particularly focusing on the impact of smoking and pollution. Understand how these factors affect respiratory health and recognize the key features of this disease. Prepare to test your knowledge on the effects of smoking on the respiratory system.
