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Questions and Answers
Antitussives are typically prescribed for long-term use in patients with chronic cough.
Antitussives are typically prescribed for long-term use in patients with chronic cough.
False
What is the primary side effect of antitussives?
What is the primary side effect of antitussives?
Sedation
Decongestants work by constricting blood vessels in the nasal mucosa.
Decongestants work by constricting blood vessels in the nasal mucosa.
True
Antihistamines are antagonists at histamine receptors, meaning they block the effects of histamine.
Antihistamines are antagonists at histamine receptors, meaning they block the effects of histamine.
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What is the only expectorant approved by the FDA?
What is the only expectorant approved by the FDA?
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Beta-adrenergic agonists stimulate beta-2 receptors, causing bronchodilation.
Beta-adrenergic agonists stimulate beta-2 receptors, causing bronchodilation.
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Nonselective beta-adrenergic agonists can cause increased side effects due to their action on both beta-1 and beta-2 receptors.
Nonselective beta-adrenergic agonists can cause increased side effects due to their action on both beta-1 and beta-2 receptors.
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Metered-dose inhalers are a preferred method for administering beta-adrenergic agonists, but proper technique is essential for effective delivery.
Metered-dose inhalers are a preferred method for administering beta-adrenergic agonists, but proper technique is essential for effective delivery.
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Xanthine derivatives, like theophylline, work by a well-understood mechanism of action.
Xanthine derivatives, like theophylline, work by a well-understood mechanism of action.
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Anticholinergic drugs block muscarinic cholinergic receptors, preventing acetylcholine-induced bronchoconstriction.
Anticholinergic drugs block muscarinic cholinergic receptors, preventing acetylcholine-induced bronchoconstriction.
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Glucocorticoids are the most effective drugs for controlling asthma and can be administered orally, via inhaler, or intravenously.
Glucocorticoids are the most effective drugs for controlling asthma and can be administered orally, via inhaler, or intravenously.
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Cromolyn sodium is used to treat asthma attacks.
Cromolyn sodium is used to treat asthma attacks.
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Leukotriene inhibitors, like montelukast, work by blocking the effects of leukotrienes, inflammatory mediators involved in airway inflammation.
Leukotriene inhibitors, like montelukast, work by blocking the effects of leukotrienes, inflammatory mediators involved in airway inflammation.
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Inhaled glucocorticoids are the primary treatment for asthma, while other medications like leukotriene inhibitors and beta-agonists are used as supplementary therapies.
Inhaled glucocorticoids are the primary treatment for asthma, while other medications like leukotriene inhibitors and beta-agonists are used as supplementary therapies.
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Drug therapy for COPD focuses on maintaining airway patency and preventing airflow restriction.
Drug therapy for COPD focuses on maintaining airway patency and preventing airflow restriction.
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Pharmacological management of cystic fibrosis primarily focuses on reducing airway inflammation.
Pharmacological management of cystic fibrosis primarily focuses on reducing airway inflammation.
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Gastric acid is necessary for the activation of digestive activity and control of bacteria.
Gastric acid is necessary for the activation of digestive activity and control of bacteria.
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Antacids help neutralize stomach acid directly, while H2 receptor blockers and proton pump inhibitors work by reducing acid production.
Antacids help neutralize stomach acid directly, while H2 receptor blockers and proton pump inhibitors work by reducing acid production.
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Antacids should not be taken within 2 hours of other orally administered medications.
Antacids should not be taken within 2 hours of other orally administered medications.
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H2 receptor blockers, like cimetidine, bind to H2 receptors and prevent histamine from stimulating acid secretion.
H2 receptor blockers, like cimetidine, bind to H2 receptors and prevent histamine from stimulating acid secretion.
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Proton pump inhibitors are the most potent drugs for reducing acid production in the stomach, leading to substantial reductions in gastric secretions.
Proton pump inhibitors are the most potent drugs for reducing acid production in the stomach, leading to substantial reductions in gastric secretions.
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Long-term use of proton pump inhibitors is associated with a decreased risk of gastric polyps and GI tumors.
Long-term use of proton pump inhibitors is associated with a decreased risk of gastric polyps and GI tumors.
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Antidiarrheal medications work by reducing excessive peristalsis (intestinal muscle contractions).
Antidiarrheal medications work by reducing excessive peristalsis (intestinal muscle contractions).
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Laxatives can be safely used for long-term management of constipation without any risks.
Laxatives can be safely used for long-term management of constipation without any risks.
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Emetics, such as ipecac syrup, are used to induce vomiting in cases of poisoning.
Emetics, such as ipecac syrup, are used to induce vomiting in cases of poisoning.
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Antiemetics, like ondansetron, are used to prevent or relieve nausea and vomiting.
Antiemetics, like ondansetron, are used to prevent or relieve nausea and vomiting.
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Study Notes
Respiratory and Gastrointestinal Drugs
- Objectives include matching drug indications with classes, listing brand and generic names for prototypical drugs, discussing mechanisms of action for drug classes, describing side effects with relevant mechanisms, outlining drug administration routes, discussing drugs of choice for specific diseases, and identifying drug interactions.
Respiratory Drugs
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Antitussives
- Suppress coughs associated with common colds and dry coughs.
- Examples include Benzonatate (Tessalon), Codeine, Dextromethorphan, Diphenhydramine, Hydrocodone, and Hydromorphone.
- Primary side effect is sedation.
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Decongestants
- Cause vasoconstriction in nasal mucosa blood vessels.
- Administered orally or as nasal sprays.
- Examples include Phenylephrine (Sudafed PE), Pseudoephedrine (Chlor Trimeton; Sudafed), and Oxymetazoline (Afrin).
- Possible side effects include elevated blood pressure, headache, dizziness, and nervousness.
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Antihistamines
- Antagonize histamine receptors in the body.
- Four types of histamine receptors: H1, H2, H3, and H4.
- H1 receptors are involved in allergic and respiratory issues.
- H2 receptors regulate gastric acid.
- H3 receptors affect sleep and cognitive function.
- H4 receptors mediate inflammation.
- First-generation antihistamines have significant side effects like sedation, anticholinergic effects, dizziness, and gastrointestinal distress, and cross the blood-brain barrier.
- Examples of first-generation include Diphenhydramine (Benadryl) and Chlorpheniramine.
- Second-generation antihistamines are more selective for H1 receptors and have fewer side effects.
- Examples include Cetirizine (Zyrtec), Desloratadine (Clarinex), Fexofenadine (Allegra), and Loratadine (Claritin).
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Mucolytics & Expectorants
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Mucolytics: Decrease mucus viscosity.
- Example: Acetylcysteine
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Expectorants: Facilitate mucus production and removal.
- Example: Guaifenesin
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Mucolytics: Decrease mucus viscosity.
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Mucoactive agents
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Further information on mucoactive agents isn't provided
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Drugs for obstructive pulmonary disease
- Treat bronchospasm, inflammation, and mucus plugging in obstructive pulmonary diseases.
- Include bronchodilators (beta-adrenergic agonists, xanthine derivatives, anticholinergics) and anti-inflammatory agents (glucocorticoids).
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Beta-adrenergic agents
- Stimulate beta-2 receptors in respiratory smooth muscle, causing bronchodilation.
- Examples: Albuterol (Ventolin), Levalbuterol (Xopenex), Salmeterol (Serevent).
- Administration routes include inhalation, oral, or subcutaneous.
- Inhaled forms avoid systemic circulation adverse effects.
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Xanthine Derivatives
- Chemical compounds (theophylline, caffeine, theobromine) with bronchodilating properties.
- Debate exists about the exact mechanisms.
- Examples include Aminophylline, Dyphylline, and Theophylline.
- Adverse effects include toxicity (overlapping therapeutic and toxic blood levels), possible arrhythmias, and seizures.
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Anticholinergic drugs
- Block muscarinic cholinergic receptors, preventing acetylcholine-induced bronchoconstriction, leading to bronchodilation.
- Often the initial choice for treating COPD.
- Side effects can include dry mouth, constipation, urinary retention, tachycardia, blurry vision, and confusion.
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Glucocorticoids
- Powerful anti-inflammatory drugs, controlling inflammation in asthma, by preventing bronchoconstriction.
- Can be administered intravenously, via inhalation, or orally.
- Examples: Budesonide (Pulmicort), Cortisone (Cortone), and Prednisone (Sterapred).
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Cromolyn sodium
- Prevents bronchospasm in asthma.
- Inhaled form, taken before triggers.
- Also prevents allergic rhinitis.
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Leukotriene inhibitors
- Used to control airway inflammation.
- Montelukast (Singulair) is an example.
- Potential side effect is liver toxicity.
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Asthma
- Characterized by bronchial smooth muscle spasm, airway inflammation, and mucous plugging.
- Inhaled glucocorticoids are the primary treatment.
- Leukotriene inhibitors, beta agonists, and theophylline act as supplements.
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COPD
- Treatment focuses on maintaining airway patency and preventing airflow restriction.
- Anticholinergics and long-acting beta-2 agonists are often used.
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Cystic Fibrosis
- Management focuses on maintaining airway patency by limiting mucus formation using bronchodilators, mucolytics, or expectorants.
- Systemic glucocorticoids can also help control airway inflammation
Gastrointestinal Drugs
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GI Drugs
- Gastric acid is essential for activating digestive enzymes and controlling bacteria. Excessive acid can cause ulcers and hemorrhages of the stomach lining.
- Antacids neutralize stomach acid.
- H2 receptor blockers reduce gastric acid secretion, used to treat issues like GERD.
- Proton pump inhibitors completely inhibit acid production, particularly used for long-term management of stomach ulcers, and GERD.
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Antacids
- Neutralize stomach acids.
- Examples include aluminum hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, and calcium carbonate.
- Potential side effects include constipation (aluminum), diarrhea (magnesium), and electrolyte imbalances.
- Avoid using with other drugs within 2 hours to maintain proper absorption.
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H2 Receptor Blockers
- Reduce gastric acid production by blocking histamine H2 receptors.
- Examples include Cimetidine (Tagament), Famotidine (Pepcid), and Rantidine (Zantac).
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Proton Pump Inhibitors
- Inhibit the H+/K+ ATP pump in stomach cells, shutting down acid production.
- Examples include Esomeprazole (Nexium), Lansoprazole (Prevacid), Omeprazole (Prilosec).
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Other GI Drugs:
- Emetics: Induce vomiting.
- Atiemetics: Reduce nausea and vomiting
- laxatives: Promote bowel evacuation. Types include bulk-forming, stimulant, hyperosmotic, and lubricant laxatives. General side effects of prolonged use of laxatives include nausea, cramping, and electrolyte imbalances.
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Description
Test your knowledge on respiratory and gastrointestinal drugs with this quiz. Match drug classes with indications, recognize brand and generic names, and discuss mechanisms of action and side effects. Perfect for healthcare professionals and students alike!
