65 Questions
Which of the following drugs is commonly used to treat bronchospasm and mucus secretion in the respiratory system?
Antihistamine
Which phase of asthma is characterized by chronic inflammation and airway remodeling?
Delayed phase
Which term describes the exaggerated bronchoconstriction experienced by asthmatic patients at normal doses of stimulus?
Hyperreactivity
What is the main characteristic of asthmatic response?
Hyperresponsiveness
Which term describes a normal response occurring at abnormally low doses of a stimulus?
Hypersensitivity
Which type of b2-adrenergic receptor agonist provides fast bronchodilator effect for acute asthma?
Short-acting beta2 agonists (SABA)
Which route of administration is commonly used for b2-adrenergic receptor agonists to minimize side effects?
Inhalation
Which type of agonist protects against various challenges such as cold air and exercise?
SABA
Which class of drugs inhibits the release of mediators from mast cells in addition to bronchodilation?
Beta2-adrenergic receptor agonists
Which type of beta2-adrenergic receptor agonist provides a longer duration of action and is typically used for maintenance treatment of asthma?
Long-acting beta2 agonists (LABA)
Which of the following is NOT a b2-adrenergic receptor agonist used for long-term control of asthma?
Salbutamol
What is the main advantage of using LABA combined with a steroid inhaler for asthma treatment?
Reduces inflammation
Which characteristic distinguishes salmeterol from other beta2-adrenergic receptor agonists?
Lipophilic side chain for anchoring in the lipid membrane
Which of the following statements regarding LABA use is true?
LABAs are usually combined with steroids for better long-term control.
What is the usual onset of action for LABAs?
Slow onset, 15-30 minutes
Which factor contributes to the common side effects observed with short-acting beta2 agonists (SABA) and long-acting beta2 agonists (LABA)?
Increased cAMP level causing cardiac and skeletal muscle contractions
Which of the following is an important instruction for patients using inhalers containing short-acting beta2 agonists (SABA) or long-acting beta2 agonists (LABA)?
Ensure the medication is administered via the inhalation route
Which of the following is a severe side effect that may occur with the use of short-acting beta2 agonists (SABA) or long-acting beta2 agonists (LABA)?
Skeletal muscle tremors
Which of the following is NOT a potential side effect associated with the use of short-acting beta2 agonists (SABA) or long-acting beta2 agonists (LABA)?
Bradycardia
How do phosphodiesterase inhibitors work to relax smooth muscles?
By increasing the levels of cAMP
What is the recommended route of administration for phosphodiesterase inhibitors?
Oral
Which of the following is NOT a severe side effect that may occur with the use of phosphodiesterase inhibitors?
Diarrhea
Which of the following is an example of a phosphodiesterase inhibitor
Theophylline
Which enzyme does theophylline inhibit to maintain high levels of cAMP in the cells?
Phosphodiesterase
Which route of administration is typically used for theophylline?
Oral administration
Which statement regarding the administration of theophylline tablets is correct?
The tablets should be swallowed without chewing or crushing.
Which respiratory conditions are often treated with theophylline as a second-line drug?
Asthma and COPD
Which of the following is a severe side effect that may occur with theophylline use?
Tachycardia
Muscarinic antagonists are particularly useful in patients who are unable to tolerate adrenergic agonists due to which condition?
Ischaemic heart disease
Which of the following statements regarding the bioavailability of inhaled ipratropium is true?
~8% bioavailability
Which phase of asthma are muscarinic antagonists traditionally not effective in, unless COPD is also present?
Late phase
How do muscarinic antagonists reduce parasympathetic activity?
By blocking M3 receptors
Which of the following is an example of a muscarinic antagonist used as a second-line drug for respiratory conditions?
Tiotropium
What is the primary effect of muscarinic antagonists on bronchial smooth muscle?
Relaxation
Which route of administration is typically used for ipratropium and tiotropium?
Inhalation
What is the typical onset of action for muscarinic antagonists such as ipratropium?
Within 30-60 minutes
Which of the following is a common systemic side effect associated with muscarinic antagonists?
Dry mouth
Which of the following is the main action of inhaled corticosteroids?
Inhibit inflammation
What are the common side effects of corticosteroids?
Increased risk of infection
Which type of inhaler is commonly used in combination with corticosteroid inhalers?
Long-acting beta2 agonist (LABA) inhaler
What is the recommended frequency of taking combination inhalers for long-term control of asthma?
Every day
What is the purpose of using short-acting beta2 agonists (SABA) in addition to combination inhalers?
To provide acute relief during asthma attacks
Which of the following is an example of an inhaled corticosteroid commonly used for long-term control of asthma?
Beclomethasone
Which route of administration is NOT commonly used for corticosteroids?
Topical application
Which of the following is a common side effect associated with corticosteroid use?
Weight gain
Which of the following is an example of an oral corticosteroid commonly used for asthma management?
Prednisolone
Which of the following is the main action of leukotriene receptor antagonists (LTRA)?
They bind and block the cysteinyl L1 receptor
Leukotriene receptor antagonists (LRTA) are approved for the prophylaxis of which condition?
Asthma
What is the main advantage of using inhaled corticosteroids over leukotriene receptor antagonists (LTRA) for the treatment of asthma?
They are more effective in reducing inflammation
What is a common mild side effect of leukotriene receptor antagonists (LTRA) like montelukast?
Heartburn
What is a severe side effect that may occur with the use of leukotriene receptor antagonists (LTRA) like montelukast?
Difficult in breathing
Which of the following is an example of a leukotriene receptor antagonist used for the prophylaxis of asthma?
Montelukast
Which route of administration is commonly used for leukotriene receptor antagonists?
Oral tablets
Leukotriene receptor antagonists are most effective in which aspect of asthma management?
Long-term control
Which of the following statements regarding the side effects of leukotriene receptor antagonists is true?
Mild side effects may include heartburn and tiredness.
What happens to the metabolites of leukotriene receptor antagonists (LRTA) after they are extensively metabolized?
They undergo biliary excretion
Which of the following is the correct statement about zileuton?
Zileuton can cause liver toxicity with jaundice.
Which of the following is a mild side effect of zileuton?
Nausea
What is the primary mode of action of leukotriene synthesis inhibitors, such as zileuton?
Inhibition of 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) enzyme
Which of the following is NOT a common side effect associated with leukotriene synthesis inhibitors?
Muscle tremors
Which formulation is available for leukotriene synthesis inhibitors, such as zileuton?
Oral tablets
Select the correct statement on short-acting β2-adrenergic receptor agonists (SABA):
Primarily for fast relief during asthmatic attack
Select the correct statement on long-acting β2-adrenergic receptor agonists (LABA):
One of the examples is salmeterol
Select the correct statement on drug that targeting leukotriene synthesis and actions:
Montelukast needs to use with care as it may cause severe mental health changes
Select the correct statement on corticosteroid:
It has more side effects than leukotriene receptor antagonists
Study Notes
Bronchodilators
- Ipratropium and tiotropium are muscarinic antagonists used to treat bronchospasm and mucus secretion in the respiratory system.
- Salmeterol provides a longer duration of action and is typically used for maintenance treatment of asthma.
Beta2-Adrenergic Receptor Agonists
- Short-acting beta2-adrenergic receptor agonists (SABA) provide fast bronchodilator effects for acute asthma.
- LABAs (long-acting beta2-adrenergic receptor agonists) provide a longer duration of action and are typically used for maintenance treatment of asthma.
- Formoterol and salmeterol are examples of LABAs used for long-term control of asthma.
- LABAs are commonly administered through inhalation to minimize side effects.
Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors
- Phosphodiesterase inhibitors work by relaxing smooth muscles and are used to treat respiratory conditions.
- Theophylline is an example of a phosphodiesterase inhibitor that inhibits the enzyme phosphodiesterase to maintain high levels of cAMP in cells.
- Theophylline is typically administered orally and is used as a second-line drug for respiratory conditions.
Muscarinic Antagonists
- Muscarinic antagonists, such as ipratropium, are particularly useful in patients who are unable to tolerate adrenergic agonists due to cardiovascular conditions.
- Muscarinic antagonists reduce parasympathetic activity and are traditionally not effective in the chronic phase of asthma.
- Ipratropium is an example of a muscarinic antagonist used as a second-line drug for respiratory conditions.
Corticosteroids
- Corticosteroids are commonly used in combination inhalers with other medications for long-term control of asthma.
- Inhaled corticosteroids reduce inflammation and are used for the treatment of asthma.
- Fluticasone is an example of an inhaled corticosteroid commonly used for long-term control of asthma.
Leukotriene Receptor Antagonists
- Leukotriene receptor antagonists (LRTA) are used for the prophylaxis of asthma.
- Montelukast is an example of a leukotriene receptor antagonist used for the prophylaxis of asthma.
- Leukotriene receptor antagonists are most effective in reducing bronchoconstriction.
Leukotriene Synthesis Inhibitors
- Zileuton is an example of a leukotriene synthesis inhibitor used for the treatment of asthma.
- Zileuton inhibits the enzyme 5-lipoxygenase to reduce the synthesis of leukotrienes.
- The primary mode of action of leukotriene synthesis inhibitors is to reduce the synthesis of leukotrienes.
Test your knowledge on drugs used in the respiratory system and their effects on bronchospasm, mucus secretion, and inflammation. Learn about the role of histamine, leukotrienes, and chronic inflammation in respiratory conditions.
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