Respiratory Drugs and Their Effects
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following drugs is commonly used to treat bronchospasm and mucus secretion in the respiratory system?

  • Antihistamine (correct)
  • Acetaminophen
  • Ibuprofen
  • Aspirin

    • Which phase of asthma is characterized by chronic inflammation and airway remodeling?

  • Immediate phase
  • Delayed phase (correct)
  • Both immediate and delayed phases
  • None of the above

    • Which term describes the exaggerated bronchoconstriction experienced by asthmatic patients at normal doses of stimulus?

  • Normal response
  • Hyperresponsiveness
  • Hypersensitivity
  • Hyperreactivity (correct)

    • What is the main characteristic of asthmatic response?

    <p>Hyperresponsiveness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes a normal response occurring at abnormally low doses of a stimulus?

    <p>Hypersensitivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of b2-adrenergic receptor agonist provides fast bronchodilator effect for acute asthma?

    <p>Short-acting beta2 agonists (SABA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which route of administration is commonly used for b2-adrenergic receptor agonists to minimize side effects?

    <p>Inhalation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of agonist protects against various challenges such as cold air and exercise?

    <p>SABA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of drugs inhibits the release of mediators from mast cells in addition to bronchodilation?

    <p>Beta2-adrenergic receptor agonists</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of beta2-adrenergic receptor agonist provides a longer duration of action and is typically used for maintenance treatment of asthma?

    <p>Long-acting beta2 agonists (LABA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a b2-adrenergic receptor agonist used for long-term control of asthma?

    <p>Salbutamol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of using LABA combined with a steroid inhaler for asthma treatment?

    <p>Reduces inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic distinguishes salmeterol from other beta2-adrenergic receptor agonists?

    <p>Lipophilic side chain for anchoring in the lipid membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements regarding LABA use is true?

    <p>LABAs are usually combined with steroids for better long-term control.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the usual onset of action for LABAs?

    <p>Slow onset, 15-30 minutes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor contributes to the common side effects observed with short-acting beta2 agonists (SABA) and long-acting beta2 agonists (LABA)?

    <p>Increased cAMP level causing cardiac and skeletal muscle contractions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an important instruction for patients using inhalers containing short-acting beta2 agonists (SABA) or long-acting beta2 agonists (LABA)?

    <p>Ensure the medication is administered via the inhalation route</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a severe side effect that may occur with the use of short-acting beta2 agonists (SABA) or long-acting beta2 agonists (LABA)?

    <p>Skeletal muscle tremors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a potential side effect associated with the use of short-acting beta2 agonists (SABA) or long-acting beta2 agonists (LABA)?

    <p>Bradycardia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do phosphodiesterase inhibitors work to relax smooth muscles?

    <p>By increasing the levels of cAMP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended route of administration for phosphodiesterase inhibitors?

    <p>Oral</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a severe side effect that may occur with the use of phosphodiesterase inhibitors?

    <p>Diarrhea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a phosphodiesterase inhibitor

    <p>Theophylline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme does theophylline inhibit to maintain high levels of cAMP in the cells?

    <p>Phosphodiesterase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which route of administration is typically used for theophylline?

    <p>Oral administration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement regarding the administration of theophylline tablets is correct?

    <p>The tablets should be swallowed without chewing or crushing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which respiratory conditions are often treated with theophylline as a second-line drug?

    <p>Asthma and COPD</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a severe side effect that may occur with theophylline use?

    <p>Tachycardia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Muscarinic antagonists are particularly useful in patients who are unable to tolerate adrenergic agonists due to which condition?

    <p>Ischaemic heart disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements regarding the bioavailability of inhaled ipratropium is true?

    <p>~8% bioavailability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of asthma are muscarinic antagonists traditionally not effective in, unless COPD is also present?

    <p>Late phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do muscarinic antagonists reduce parasympathetic activity?

    <p>By blocking M3 receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a muscarinic antagonist used as a second-line drug for respiratory conditions?

    <p>Tiotropium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of muscarinic antagonists on bronchial smooth muscle?

    <p>Relaxation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which route of administration is typically used for ipratropium and tiotropium?

    <p>Inhalation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical onset of action for muscarinic antagonists such as ipratropium?

    <p>Within 30-60 minutes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common systemic side effect associated with muscarinic antagonists?

    <p>Dry mouth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the main action of inhaled corticosteroids?

    <p>Inhibit inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the common side effects of corticosteroids?

    <p>Increased risk of infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of inhaler is commonly used in combination with corticosteroid inhalers?

    <p>Long-acting beta2 agonist (LABA) inhaler</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended frequency of taking combination inhalers for long-term control of asthma?

    <p>Every day</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of using short-acting beta2 agonists (SABA) in addition to combination inhalers?

    <p>To provide acute relief during asthma attacks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of an inhaled corticosteroid commonly used for long-term control of asthma?

    <p>Beclomethasone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which route of administration is NOT commonly used for corticosteroids?

    <p>Topical application</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common side effect associated with corticosteroid use?

    <p>Weight gain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of an oral corticosteroid commonly used for asthma management?

    <p>Prednisolone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the main action of leukotriene receptor antagonists (LTRA)?

    <p>They bind and block the cysteinyl L1 receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Leukotriene receptor antagonists (LRTA) are approved for the prophylaxis of which condition?

    <p>Asthma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of using inhaled corticosteroids over leukotriene receptor antagonists (LTRA) for the treatment of asthma?

    <p>They are more effective in reducing inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common mild side effect of leukotriene receptor antagonists (LTRA) like montelukast?

    <p>Heartburn</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a severe side effect that may occur with the use of leukotriene receptor antagonists (LTRA) like montelukast?

    <p>Difficult in breathing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a leukotriene receptor antagonist used for the prophylaxis of asthma?

    <p>Montelukast</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which route of administration is commonly used for leukotriene receptor antagonists?

    <p>Oral tablets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Leukotriene receptor antagonists are most effective in which aspect of asthma management?

    <p>Long-term control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements regarding the side effects of leukotriene receptor antagonists is true?

    <p>Mild side effects may include heartburn and tiredness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the metabolites of leukotriene receptor antagonists (LRTA) after they are extensively metabolized?

    <p>They undergo biliary excretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the correct statement about zileuton?

    <p>Zileuton can cause liver toxicity with jaundice.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a mild side effect of zileuton?

    <p>Nausea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mode of action of leukotriene synthesis inhibitors, such as zileuton?

    <p>Inhibition of 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) enzyme</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a common side effect associated with leukotriene synthesis inhibitors?

    <p>Muscle tremors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which formulation is available for leukotriene synthesis inhibitors, such as zileuton?

    <p>Oral tablets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Select the correct statement on short-acting β2-adrenergic receptor agonists (SABA):

    <p>Primarily for fast relief during asthmatic attack</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Select the correct statement on long-acting β2-adrenergic receptor agonists (LABA):

    <p>One of the examples is salmeterol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Select the correct statement on drug that targeting leukotriene synthesis and actions:

    <p>Montelukast needs to use with care as it may cause severe mental health changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Select the correct statement on corticosteroid:

    <p>It has more side effects than leukotriene receptor antagonists</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Bronchodilators

    • Ipratropium and tiotropium are muscarinic antagonists used to treat bronchospasm and mucus secretion in the respiratory system.
    • Salmeterol provides a longer duration of action and is typically used for maintenance treatment of asthma.

    Beta2-Adrenergic Receptor Agonists

    • Short-acting beta2-adrenergic receptor agonists (SABA) provide fast bronchodilator effects for acute asthma.
    • LABAs (long-acting beta2-adrenergic receptor agonists) provide a longer duration of action and are typically used for maintenance treatment of asthma.
    • Formoterol and salmeterol are examples of LABAs used for long-term control of asthma.
    • LABAs are commonly administered through inhalation to minimize side effects.

    Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors

    • Phosphodiesterase inhibitors work by relaxing smooth muscles and are used to treat respiratory conditions.
    • Theophylline is an example of a phosphodiesterase inhibitor that inhibits the enzyme phosphodiesterase to maintain high levels of cAMP in cells.
    • Theophylline is typically administered orally and is used as a second-line drug for respiratory conditions.

    Muscarinic Antagonists

    • Muscarinic antagonists, such as ipratropium, are particularly useful in patients who are unable to tolerate adrenergic agonists due to cardiovascular conditions.
    • Muscarinic antagonists reduce parasympathetic activity and are traditionally not effective in the chronic phase of asthma.
    • Ipratropium is an example of a muscarinic antagonist used as a second-line drug for respiratory conditions.

    Corticosteroids

    • Corticosteroids are commonly used in combination inhalers with other medications for long-term control of asthma.
    • Inhaled corticosteroids reduce inflammation and are used for the treatment of asthma.
    • Fluticasone is an example of an inhaled corticosteroid commonly used for long-term control of asthma.

    Leukotriene Receptor Antagonists

    • Leukotriene receptor antagonists (LRTA) are used for the prophylaxis of asthma.
    • Montelukast is an example of a leukotriene receptor antagonist used for the prophylaxis of asthma.
    • Leukotriene receptor antagonists are most effective in reducing bronchoconstriction.

    Leukotriene Synthesis Inhibitors

    • Zileuton is an example of a leukotriene synthesis inhibitor used for the treatment of asthma.
    • Zileuton inhibits the enzyme 5-lipoxygenase to reduce the synthesis of leukotrienes.
    • The primary mode of action of leukotriene synthesis inhibitors is to reduce the synthesis of leukotrienes.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on drugs used in the respiratory system and their effects on bronchospasm, mucus secretion, and inflammation. Learn about the role of histamine, leukotrienes, and chronic inflammation in respiratory conditions.

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