Respiratory and Circulatory Systems Quiz

Circulatory System

• Deoxygenated blood flows from the inferior and superior vena cava to the right atrium, then to the right ventricle, to the pulmonary artery, and finally to the lungs.
• Oxygenated blood returns to the left atrium via the pulmonary veins, then to the left ventricle, and finally to the aorta, which distributes it to the rest of the body.
• The "lub dub" sounds are created by the atrial valves closing ("lub") and the mitral valves closing ("dub").

Endocrine System

• The endocrine system controls the endocrine glands that produce and release hormones into the circulatory system.
• Examples of glands that are part of other systems include the pancreas, which secretes hormones for sugar regulation and digestion.
• A hormone is a chemical substance produced by an endocrine gland that acts on another part of the body.
• Endocrine glands and their hormones include:
  • Pituitary gland: growth hormone, prolactin, thyroid-stimulating hormone
  • Thyroid: thyroxine, triiodothyronine, calcitonin
  • Parathyroid: parathyroid hormone (regulates calcium balance)
  • Adrenal: aldosterone, cortisol, epinephrine, norepinephrine
  • Pancreas: insulin, glucagon

Skeletal and Muscular Systems

• The skeletal system provides protection and movement, while the muscular system facilitates movement.
• Muscles attach to bones to produce movement when they contract.
• The skeletal system has two divisions: axial and appendicular.
• There are 206 bones in the adult human body, on average.
• Joints are classified as sutures (found only in the skull), cartilaginous (connected by cartilage), and synovial (with a synovial cavity).
• There are three types of muscle:
  • Skeletal muscle: voluntary, multinucleated
  • Smooth muscle: involuntary, single nucleus
  • Cardiac muscle: branched, multinucleated (heart muscle)

Respiratory and Circulatory Systems

• The respiratory system extracts oxygen from the air and removes CO2, while the circulatory system brings O2 to the body and removes CO2.
• Blood capillaries in the alveoli enable the exchange of O2 and CO2.
• The respiratory system consists of:
  • Mouth and nose
  • Pharynx (throat)
  • Larynx (voice box)
  • Trachea
  • Primary bronchi
  • Bronchi
  • Bronchioles
  • Respiratory bronchioles
  • Alveolar ducts
  • Alveolar sacs (with 20-30 alveoli per sac)
• The heart has four chambers: two atria and two ventricles.
• Valves involved in moving blood throughout the heart include the tricuspid, bicuspid, and mitral valves.
• The pulmonary circuit involves the flow of deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs and back to the left atrium. The systemic circuit involves the flow of oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the aorta and the rest of the body.