The Respiratory System: Anatomy and Physiology

<p>Nasal septum (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pharynx (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>2450 mL (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gas exchange (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Regulation of blood pH (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To protect against abrasion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Internal respiration involves gas exchange at the capillaries; external occurs at the alveoli. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Secreting mucus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To provide specialized functions tailored to the environment (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tidal Volume + Inspiratory Reserve Volume + Expiratory Reserve Volume (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Filtration and warming of inhaled air (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Serve as a passageway for air and food (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Oropharynx (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Support the trachea during inhalation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reabsorbing moisture to prevent dehydration (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Choanae (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In the bones of the skull around the nasal cavity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Trap and destroy pathogens (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Larynx (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Trapping dust and moving mucus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fauces (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Houses portions of the lung for gas exchange (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Smooth muscle (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Surface area for gas exchange (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pulmonary venule (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To close off the trachea and prevent food from entering the airway (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It has a 'C' shape (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Alveolus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vocal folds (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It contains C-shaped cartilages to maintain its open shape (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Visceral pleura (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are destroyed, reducing surface area (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Simple squamous, to facilitate gas exchange (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Facilitate gas exchange (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They protect the true vocal cords (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Carina (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It contributes to gas exchange in the right lung (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Transition zone for air and gas exchange (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Smooth muscle (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pleural cavity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Simple cuboidal epithelium (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They deliver oxygenated blood to the heart (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It controls the distribution of air to the lungs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Terminal bronchiole (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prevent airway collapse (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Type II alveolar cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Terminal bronchioles (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To allow airflow during breathing (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Diaphragm (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rectus abdominis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>O2 diffuses into the blood from the alveoli. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sternocleidomastoid and pectoralis minor (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Oxygen diffusion from systemic capillaries into tissue cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It relaxes and decreases thoracic volume. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>External intercostals (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Depress the ribs during exhalation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>From alveoli to blood (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inhalation and exhalation together (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Physical condition (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To assess lung volumes and capacities (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sternocleidomastoid (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It increases (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Concentration gradient (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>320 ml (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Alveoli (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It accounts for the air inhaled during a forced breath beyond normal intake. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>6000 ml (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The subject exhales forcibly after a normal exhale. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>1617 ml (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It should be discarded in the garbage. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By summing TV, IRV, and ERV. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is reduced due to lung elasticity loss. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The subject breathes quietly for one minute. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>High volume of air flow but with reduced rates. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To ensure accurate individual measurements. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Following ten cycles of quiet breathing. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is the air remaining after a forced exhalation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The respiratory systems role in the body is to bring air in and out and allows for gas exchange with the bloodstream, maintain blood's pH balance, filter inhaled air, and have scent receptors.

The upper respiratory system consists of the nose and pharynx, and the nose is the entry point for inhaled air.

The nasal cavity is divided into two halves by the nasal septum, made up of cartilage and bones (ethmoid, vomer, and more). It has projections (conchae) that create passageways (meatuses).

The nasal cavity has different types of tissue to perform different functions, such as filtering, smelling, and conditioning the air. This tissue type is pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium.

The paranasal sinuses are air-filled spaces in the skull that lighten the skull and add resonance to the voice.

The nasal conchae swirl and warm inhaled air, filtering foreign particles.

Nasal meatuses help swirl and warm incoming air, filtering particulate matter.

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium lines the nasal cavity during inhalation.

Possible function is reabsorbing moisture to prevent dehydration.

Ciliated columnar epithelium lines the nasal passages during exhalation.

Internal nares, openings connecting the nasal cavity to the pharynx.

A passageway for air to the larynx and food to the esophagus.

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium lines the nasopharynx.

Non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium lines the oropharynx.

Non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium lines the laryngopharynx.

The vocal cords lie in the larynx, a passageway between the laryngopharynx and trachea.

C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage provide support to the trachea, preventing collapse.

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium lines the trachea.

The pharynx is divided into nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx.

A leaf-shaped flap of cartilage at the top of the larynx that closes over the trachea during swallowing, preventing food and liquids from entering the airway.

The space between the vocal cords in the larynx.

The opening between the vocal folds (true vocal cords).

C-shaped rings of cartilage that support the trachea and keep it open to allow air flow.

A flexible tube made of cartilage rings and connective tissue that connects the larynx to the bronchi.

Thick folds of tissue located above the true vocal cords. They help protect the vocal cords and regulate airflow.

Muscular folds of tissue in the larynx that vibrate to produce sound when air passes through them.

The ridge where the trachea splits into the left and right primary bronchi.

The two branches of the trachea that lead into each lung (left and right).

Branches of the primary bronchi that enter each lung's lobes (one for each lobe).

The smallest bronchioles marking the end of the conducting zone in the respiratory system.

Organs surrounded by pleurae (membranes). Each lung is divided into lobes and lobules.

The medial surface of the lungs next to the mediastinum where structures enter and exit.

Air passages branching from the respiratory bronchioles leading to the alveoli, where gas exchange occurs.

Simple squamous epithelial cells lining the alveoli, responsible for gas exchange.

Divisions of the lungs, each with a specific role in gas exchange.

The top lobe of each lung, larger in the right lung.

Present only in the right lung, contributes to gas exchange.

The bottom lobe of the lung, primarily responsible for gas exchange.

C-shaped rings in the trachea, provide airway support.

Muscle fibers in the walls of bronchi and bronchioles, control airflow.

Small airways connecting terminal bronchioles to the respiratory zone, minimal gas exchange.

Passageways connecting respiratory bronchioles to alveolar sacs, air flow into alveoli.

Clusters of alveoli at the end of alveolar ducts, maximizing gas exchange surface area.

Tiny air sacs, primary site of gas exchange in the lungs.

Inner membrane covering the lungs directly, protects against friction.

Outer membrane lining the thoracic cavity, allows lungs to slide without friction.

Small artery carrying deoxygenated blood to the lungs.

Small vein carrying oxygenated blood from the lungs back to the heart.

Tiny blood vessels surrounding alveoli, site of gas exchange.

The movement of air into and out of the lungs, ensuring continuous gas exchange in the alveoli.

Active process of drawing air into the lungs, involving diaphragm and external intercostal muscle contraction.

Usually a passive process of expelling air from the lungs, involving diaphragm and external intercostal muscle relaxation.

Active process involving contraction of additional muscles like sternocleidomastoid and pectoralis minor, for greater effort.

Active process involving contraction of abdominal muscles and internal intercostal muscles, for greater effort.

Main muscle of respiration; contracts for inhalation, expanding the thoracic cavity, and relaxes for exhalation, decreasing the volume.

Elevate the ribs during inhalation, expanding the chest cavity to allow air into the lungs.

Aids in forced breathing by flexing the neck and lifting the rib cage during labored respiration.

Helps in forced inspiration by lifting the ribs during labored respiration.

Compresses the abdomen, helping in forced exhalation by pushing air out of the lungs.

Depress the ribs during exhalation, helping to reduce the thoracic cavity volume and push air out of the lungs.

Gas exchange across the respiratory membrane in the lungs, where O2 enters the blood and CO2 exits.

Gas exchange at the cellular level, where O2 enters the cells and CO2 exits into the blood.

The cardiovascular system carries O2 and CO2 between the lungs and the cells of the body.

Measures lung volumes and capacities to assess respiratory health and gas exchange efficiency.

The amount of air inhaled or exhaled during a single breath.

Air that remains in parts of the respiratory system not involved in gas exchange.

The extra air you can inhale after a normal breath.

The extra air you can forcefully exhale after a normal breath.

Air remaining in the lungs after a forced exhalation.

Total exchangeable air in the lungs. Sum of Tidal Volume, Inspiratory Reserve Volume, and Expiratory Reserve Volume.

Total volume of air the lungs can hold. Sum of Vital Capacity and Residual Volume.

Decreased ERV suggests reduced lung elasticity, often caused by chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD).

Asthma doesn't reduce lung capacity, but slows down the rate of airflow due to narrowed airways.

An instrument used to measure lung volumes and capacities.

By repeatedly measuring the air exhaled during normal breathing and averaging the results.

By measuring the air exhaled after a deep breath and subtracting the Tidal Volume from it.

By measuring the air exhaled forcefully after a normal breath.

By measuring the maximum air exhaled after a deep breath, measuring the full capacity.

To prevent cross-contamination and ensure accurate measurements.

This type of epithelium lines the trachea and bronchi, secreting mucus and using cilia to move it, trapping particles and protecting the airways.

This type of epithelium provides protection against abrasion and moisture loss, suitable for the areas that experience physical stress from swallowing.

The epithelium changes to suit the specific functions of each area. Upper areas for protection and filtration, lower parts for gas exchange.

Epithelial structure in the respiratory system is directly related to its function. Thin epithelium for gas exchange, tough epithelium for protection.