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Questions and Answers
What primarily stimulates an increase in breathing rate?
What primarily stimulates an increase in breathing rate?
What mechanism do humans use to breathe?
What mechanism do humans use to breathe?
Which of the following describes the alterations to the air as it moves through the respiratory tract?
Which of the following describes the alterations to the air as it moves through the respiratory tract?
What is the primary form in which most carbon dioxide is transported in the blood?
What is the primary form in which most carbon dioxide is transported in the blood?
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Which condition is characterized by an infection of the larynx?
Which condition is characterized by an infection of the larynx?
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What is oxyhemoglobin?
What is oxyhemoglobin?
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What is the initial change that occurs in lung cancer?
What is the initial change that occurs in lung cancer?
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What best describes internal respiration?
What best describes internal respiration?
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Study Notes
Respiration
- Respiration is a sequence of events resulting in gas exchange between the body's cells and the environment.
- Includes ventilation, external respiration, and internal respiration.
Outline of Respiration
- Gas exchange surface
- Human respiratory system
- Ventilation
- Gas exchange and transport
- Respiration and health
Gas Exchange Surfaces
- Respiration involves gas exchange between the body's cells and the environment.
- Ventilation is part of the process.
- External respiration is a part of the gas exchange process.
- Internal respiration is a part of the gas exchange process.
Human Respiratory System
- Air is filtered, warmed, and humidified as it travels through the nose, pharynx, trachea, and bronchi to the lungs.
- By the time air reaches the lungs, it's at body temperature and saturated with water.
Ventilation
- Humans breathe using a tidal mechanism.
- Expanding the thoracic cavity increases the lung volume, creating negative pressure and drawing air into the lungs.
- Muscle contractions lower the diaphragm and raise the ribs, expanding the thoracic cavity.
- Increased hydrogen ion and carbon dioxide concentrations in the blood trigger an increase in breathing rate.
Inspiration vs. Expiration
- Inspiration: Rib cage moves up and out, diaphragm contracts and moves down, pressure in lungs decreases, and air rushes in.
- Expiration: Rib cage moves down and in, diaphragm relaxes and moves up, pressure in lungs increases, and air is pushed out.
Gas Exchange and Transport
- Most oxygen entering the pulmonary capillaries combines with hemoglobin to form oxyhemoglobin.
- Some carbon dioxide combines with hemoglobin to form carbaminohemoglobin.
- Most carbon dioxide is transported in the form of bicarbonate ions.
Respiration and Health
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Upper Respiratory Tract Infections:
- Strep Throat (Streptococcus pyogenes)
- Sinusitis (infection of sinuses)
- Tonsillitis (infection of tonsils)
- Laryngitis (infection of larynx)
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Common Bronchial and Pulmonary Diseases:
- Pulmonary Tuberculosis (tubercles encapsulate bacteria, reducing lung elasticity).
- Emphysema (alveoli burst and fuse, reducing gas exchange surface area).
- Asthma (airways inflamed, bronchioles constrict due to muscle spasms).
- Bronchitis (airways inflamed due to infection or irritants, coughing brings up mucus and pus).
- Pneumonia (alveoli fill with fluid, hindering gas exchange).
- Pulmonary Fibrosis (fibrous connective tissue builds up, reducing elasticity).
- Lung Cancer (cells lining the airways thicken).
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Description
This quiz covers the essential aspects of respiration, including gas exchange, the human respiratory system, and the mechanics of ventilation. Explore the processes of external and internal respiration, as well as their significance for health. Test your knowledge on how the body facilitates gas exchange and the role of respiratory surfaces.
