Respiration and Human Respiratory System
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Questions and Answers

Match the following gases with their primary functions in blood transport:

Oxygen = Bound to hemoglobin for transport Carbon Dioxide = Combined with water to form bicarbonate ions

Match the following blood components with their descriptions:

Hemoglobin = Protein that carries oxygen in red blood cells Bicarbonate Ions = Main form of CO2 transport in blood Oxygenated Blood = Color is bright cherry-red Deoxygenated Blood = Color is maroon-red

Match the following gas exchange locations with their characteristics:

Lungs = High O2, Low CO2 Body Cells = Low O2, High CO2 Capillaries = Site of CO2 diffusion from cells Alveoli = Site of gas exchange with blood

Match the mechanisms of CO2 transport in blood with their percentages:

<p>Dissolved in plasma = 10% Bound to hemoglobin = 20% Combined with water = 70% Converted to bicarbonate ions = 70%</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following substances with their roles in gas exchange:

<p>CO2 = Produced by cellular respiration O2 = Picked up in the lungs Water = Combines with CO2 to create bicarbonate Hemoglobin = Changes shape when binding O2</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following concepts with their descriptions related to gas exchange:

<p>Cellular respiration = Converts energy in nutrients into ATP Oxygen (O2) = Supply necessary for cellular respiration Carbon dioxide (CO2) = Waste product generated by cellular respiration Diffusion = Process that facilitates gas exchange</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following adaptations to their roles in diffusion of gases:

<p>Moist respiratory surfaces = Allow gases to dissolve for diffusion Thin respiratory surfaces = Minimize diffusion distances Large surface area = Enhance gas exchange efficiency Concentration gradients = Drive the movement of gas molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the parts of the human respiratory system with their functions:

<p>Conducting portion = Carries air into the gas-exchange region Gas-exchange portion = Site of oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange Alveoli = Tiny air sacs for gas exchange Bronchi = Main passageways leading to lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following gases with their roles in the respiratory process:

<p>Oxygen (O2) = Inhaled for cellular respiration Carbon dioxide (CO2) = Exhaled as a waste product Nitrogen (N2) = Inhaled but not used in respiration Water vapor = Carried out during exhalation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the terms with their definitions in the context of respiration:

<p>Gas exchange = The process of exchanging O2 and CO2 Respiratory surface = Area where gases diffuse Concentration gradient = Difference in gas concentrations Cell membranes = Must remain moist for gas diffusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the respiratory system features with their characteristics:

<p>Respiratory system = Facilitates gas exchange in mammals Conducting airways = Includes trachea and bronchi Alveolar sacs = Structure with high surface area Moisture requirement = Necessary for effective gas diffusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following processes with their relevance to gas exchange:

<p>Diffusion of O2 = Moves from alveoli to blood Diffusion of CO2 = Moves from blood to alveoli Inhalation = Brings air into the lungs Exhalation = Expels CO2 from the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following respiratory concepts with their connections:

<p>Adequate gas exchange = Necessary for meeting organism's needs Moist conditions = Facilitate the dissolving of gases Thin walls = Reduce barriers for gas movement Lungs = Contain the gas-exchange surface area</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following parts of the respiratory system with their functions:

<p>Nasal Cavity = Air entry and filtration Pharynx = Passageway for air to the larynx Larynx = Voice production Trachea = Conducts air to the bronchi</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms related to air conduction with their descriptions:

<p>Epiglottis = Flap of tissue that protects the larynx during swallowing Bronchioles = Small tubes leading to alveoli Alveoli = Site of gas exchange Vocal cords = Tissues that vibrate to produce sound</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following functions of the epiglottis with their scenarios:

<p>Tilting upward = Allowing air to flow into the larynx Folding downward = Covering the larynx during swallowing Protecting the airway = Preventing food from entering the larynx Supporting cartilage = Maintaining the structure of the epiglottis</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following components with their role in sound production:

<p>Vocal cords = Vibrate to create tones Muscular contractions = Adjust the tension of the vocal cords Exhaled air = Drives the vibration of vocal cords Larynx = Houses the vocal cords</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the phases of respiration with their descriptions:

<p>Inhalation = Air fills the lungs through bronchi Exhalation = Air is pushed out of the lungs Gas exchange = Occurs in the alveoli Respiratory blockage = Can occur due to constriction of the airways</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following components of the conducting portion of the respiratory system with their characteristics:

<p>Trachea = Flexible tube with cartilage support Bronchi = Main passage to each lung Pharynx = Common to both respiratory and digestive systems Nasal Cavity = Warms and humidifies inhaled air</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following descriptions with the correct respiratory components:

<p>Bronchi = Split from the trachea Larynx = Voice box controlling sound Alveoli = Tiny air sacs for gas exchange Epiglottis = Guard that prevents food aspiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following components of gas exchange with their descriptions:

<p>Alveoli = Sites of gas exchange with a large surface area Surfactant = Prevents alveolar surfaces from collapsing Capillaries = Network covering the alveolar surface for gas transport Respiratory membrane = Barrier for diffusion between alveoli and blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following statements about gas diffusion with their effects:

<p>Oxygen diffuses into red blood cells = Essential for oxygen delivery to tissues Carbon dioxide diffuses into the alveolus = Important for removing waste gas Gases enter and leave the blood by diffusion = Allows for efficient gas exchange Moist air cavity = Facilitates diffusion by keeping membranes wet</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following characteristics of alveoli with their functions:

<p>Thin walls of epithelial cells = Enhances efficiency of gas exchange Cluster formation like grapes = Increases surface area for diffusion Presence of capillary network = Allows for rapid gas transport Water fluid layer = Prevents alveoli from sticking together</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following processes with their corresponding gas:

<p>Oxygen transport = Diffuses into red blood cells from alveoli Carbon dioxide removal = Diffuses into alveoli from blood Gas exchange in alveoli = Occurs through diffusion in the lungs Surfactant function = Coats alveoli to maintain structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms related to lung structure with their definitions:

<p>Bronchiole = The airway where alveoli cluster Epithelial cells = Form the walls of the alveoli Moist air cavity = Environment that facilitates gas exchange Proteins and lipids = Components of surfactant in alveoli</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following functions of the lungs with their descriptions:

<p>Gas exchange = Primary function of alveoli Capillary coverage = Facilitates gas transport Moisture maintenance = Prevents collapsing of alveoli Thin membrane = Promotes effective diffusion of gases</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following facts about the human lungs with their significance:

<p>300 million alveoli = Provides extensive surface area Single layer of cells = Allows for efficient gas exchange Capillary network = Essential for gas transport Surfactant layer = Protects alveoli from collapse during exhalation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of gases with their exchange processes:

<p>Oxygen = Diffuses into red blood cells Carbon dioxide = Diffuses into the alveoli Airflow = Enters and exits through bronchioles Surfactant = Maintains alveolar stability during respiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their descriptions related to the respiratory system:

<p>Inhalation = Actively drawing air into the lungs Exhalation = Releasing air from the lungs passively Diaphragm = Muscle that contracts to aid inhalation Rib muscles = Muscles that elevate ribs during inhalation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following components of the respiratory center with their functions:

<p>Medulla = Location of the respiratory center in the brain CO2 receptors = Adjust breathing rate based on carbon dioxide levels Nerve impulses = Stimulate diaphragm and rib muscle contractions Respiratory rate = Adjusted to maintain blood gas levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following respiratory events with their processes:

<p>Chest cavity enlargement = Occurs during inhalation Muscle relaxation = Triggers exhalation Lung air flow = Result of bulk air movement Impulses from nerve cells = Stimulate inhalation muscle contractions</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following functions with their corresponding descriptions:

<p>Breathing rate control = Managed by the respiratory center Inhalation contraction = Diaphragm pulls downwards Air flow mechanism = Caused by changes in chest cavity size Exhalation process = Involves relaxation of inhalation muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following statements with their relevance to gas exchange:

<p>O2 levels = Must remain adequate during respiration Constant CO2 level = Achieved by adjusting breathing rate Spontaneous exhalation = Occurs when inhalation muscles are relaxed Bulk flow of air = Essential for efficient lung function</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of air movement with their characteristics:

<p>Active inhalation = Requires muscle contraction Passive exhalation = Occurs without muscle effort Chest cavity reduction = Leads to airflow out of lungs Diaphragm relaxation = Allows the muscle to dome upward</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following anatomical terms with their functions in breathing:

<p>Diaphragm contraction = Increases chest cavity volume Rib elevation = Aids in expanding thoracic cavity Air pressure changes = Drive inhalation and exhalation Relaxation of muscles = Facilitates passive exhalation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following aspects of respiratory mechanics with their implications:

<p>Inhalation and exhalation = Fundamental to respiratory function Muscle activation = Stimulated by the respiratory center Formed chest cavity boundary = Diaphragm as a crucial muscle Spinal cord relation = Respiratory center located just above</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Alveoli

Tiny air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange occurs.

Gas Exchange

The movement of gases between the alveoli and the blood.

Surfactant

A substance that reduces surface tension in the alveoli, preventing them from collapsing.

Respiratory Membrane

A thin membrane formed by the alveolar wall and capillary wall, where gas exchange takes place.

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Capillaries

Tiny blood vessels that surround the alveoli.

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Diffusion

The process by which oxygen moves from the alveoli into the blood and carbon dioxide moves from the blood into the alveoli.

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Atelectasis

The condition in which the alveoli collapse, making it difficult to breathe.

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Inspiration

The process of breathing in, bringing air into the lungs.

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Oxygen Transport

The process by which oxygen is transported in the blood. Nearly all of the oxygen is bound to hemoglobin found in red blood cells, with each hemoglobin molecule carrying up to four oxygen molecules.

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Carbon Dioxide Transport

Carbon dioxide is transported in the blood through three main mechanisms: dissolved in plasma, bound to hemoglobin, and as bicarbonate ions (HCO3-).

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Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Exchange

The process by which oxygen moves from the alveoli in the lungs into the bloodstream and then to the body's cells, while carbon dioxide moves from the cells to the bloodstream and then to the lungs to be exhaled.

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Hemoglobin

The protein in red blood cells responsible for carrying oxygen. It contains iron-containing heme groups that bind to oxygen molecules.

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Cellular Respiration

The conversion of energy from nutrients into ATP, which supplies cellular energy. Requires a steady supply of O2 and generates CO2 as a waste product.

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Respiratory system

The system responsible for bringing air into the lungs and expelling it, composed of airways and gas-exchange structures.

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Conducting portion of the respiratory system

The passageways that carry air into and out of the gas-exchange portion of the respiratory system. Includes your nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles.

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Gas-exchange portion of the respiratory system

The part within the lungs where gas exchange occurs. This is where oxygen is picked up by the blood and carbon dioxide is released.

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Moist respiratory surfaces

The process by which respiratory surfaces remain moist by being covered with a thin layer of water, allowing gases to dissolve and diffuse into the body.

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Thin respiratory surfaces

The need for respiratory surfaces to be thin to minimize the distance that gases have to travel during diffusion, ensuring efficient gas exchange.

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What is breathing?

The process of breathing involves both inhalation, taking in air, and exhalation, releasing air, resulting in the flow of air into and out of the lungs.

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How does inhalation happen?

Inhalation is an active process that requires muscle contractions to expand the chest cavity.

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What is the role of the diaphragm in inhalation?

The diaphragm, a sheet of muscle at the base of the chest cavity, contracts and moves downwards during inhalation, increasing the space within the chest.

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How do rib muscles contribute to inhalation?

The rib muscles contract and lift the ribs upward during inhalation, further expanding the chest cavity.

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How does exhalation happen?

Exhalation is a passive process that occurs as the muscles involved in inhalation relax, causing the chest cavity to decrease in size.

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What happens to the diaphragm and ribs during exhalation?

As the diaphragm relaxes, it moves back upward, reducing the space within the chest. At the same time, the ribs move downward and inward, further decreasing the size of the chest cavity.

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What controls breathing rate?

The respiratory center in the medulla of the brain controls breathing rate, ensuring proper oxygen intake and carbon dioxide expulsion.

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Why is breathing rate adjusted?

CO2 levels in the blood are closely monitored to adjust breathing rate, ensuring a constant, low level of CO2 and adequate oxygen.

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Pharynx

The pharynx is a chamber at the back of the throat where air enters from the nose or mouth.

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Larynx

The larynx is the voice box where sound is produced. It contains the vocal cords, bands of elastic tissue controlled by muscles.

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Epiglottis

The epiglottis is a flap of tissue that covers the larynx during swallowing, preventing food from entering the airway.

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How are sounds produced in the larynx?

Contractions of muscles around the vocal cords can partially obstruct air passage, causing the air to vibrate and produce sound.

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Trachea

The trachea is a flexible tube that connects the larynx to the lungs. Its walls are reinforced with cartilage to keep the airway open.

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Bronchi and Bronchioles

The trachea branches into two bronchi, one for each lung. Each bronchus further divides into smaller bronchioles that lead to the tiny air sacs called alveoli.

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Study Notes

Respiration

  • Respiration is the process of exchanging gases with the environment, supporting cellular respiration.
  • Gas exchange, in all organisms, relies on diffusion.
  • Cellular respiration converts nutrients into ATP, a crucial energy source. This requires a steady supply of oxygen (O2) and produces carbon dioxide (CO2) as a waste product.
  • To facilitate diffusion, animals adapt in three main ways:
    • Respiratory surfaces stay moist, as gases must dissolve in water to diffuse through cell membranes.
    • Surfaces are thin to reduce diffusion distances.
    • Surfaces have a larger area to accommodate sufficient gas exchange.

Human Respiratory System

  • The respiratory system is divided into two parts:

    • Conducting portion: This system of passageways carries air to/from the gas-exchange portion.
    • Gas-exchange portion: The lungs, where oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange with blood.

  • The conducting portion includes:

    • Nasal cavity/oral cavity: Entry points for air.
    • Pharynx: A chamber behind the nasal/oral cavity.
    • Larynx ("voice box"): Houses the vocal cords. The epiglottis guards the larynx opening to prevent food from entering the airway.
    • Trachea ("windpipe"): Reinforced cartilage prevents collapsing, splits into bronchi.
    • Bronchi: Lead into the lungs.
    • Bronchioles: Smaller branches leading from the bronchi.
    • Alveoli: The tiny air sacs where gas exchange occurs (clustered at the end of bronchioles).

  • Breathing:

    • Inhalation:
      • The diaphragm contracts, pulling downward.
      • Rib muscles contract, lifting ribs up.
      • Chest cavity expands, creating a lower pressure gradient. Air rushes in.
    • Exhalation:
      • Diaphragm relaxes, moving upward.
      • Rib muscles relax, causing rib movement downward.
      • Chest cavity decreases in size, creating a higher pressure gradient. Air rushes out.

  • Breathing control (by the respiratory center in the brain):

    • The center receives input (e.g., CO2 levels) to adjust the breathing rate/volume.
    • CO2 receptors in the medulla monitor CO2 concentration in the blood to finely regulate respiration rate.

Gas Exchange in the Alveoli

  • Gas exchange occurs in the alveoli.

  • The alveoli provide a large surface area and contain a thin layer of fluid with surfactant (preventing sticking and collapse).

  • Alveolar walls have a single epithelial cell layer allowing diffusion of gases across a thin respiratory membrane to capillaries.

  • Oxygen transport in the blood:

    • Most (98%) oxygen binds to hemoglobin in red blood cells.
    • Hemoglobin's shape changes when O2 binds, altering blood color (bright red).

  • Carbon dioxide transport in the blood:

    • CO2 is transported in three ways: dissolved in plasma, bound to hemoglobin, and converted to bicarbonate ions.
    • Bicarbonate ions are transported in plasma.

  • Gas exchange in the alveoli is driven by concentration gradients.

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BIOL160 Chapter 34 Respiration PDF

Description

Explore the fundamentals of respiration and the structure of the human respiratory system in this quiz. Understand the process of gas exchange, cellular respiration, and the key adaptations for efficient respiration. Test your knowledge of how the conducting and gas-exchange portions of the respiratory system operate.

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