Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary goal of descriptive research designs?
What is the primary goal of descriptive research designs?
What type of study design involves the manipulation of variables?
What type of study design involves the manipulation of variables?
Which type of observational study involves populations as the unit of study?
Which type of observational study involves populations as the unit of study?
What is the primary purpose of descriptive studies in research?
What is the primary purpose of descriptive studies in research?
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Which type of study is useful when little is known about a disease?
Which type of study is useful when little is known about a disease?
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What is a characteristic of descriptive research?
What is a characteristic of descriptive research?
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Which type of study design involves the evaluation of the causality of associations?
Which type of study design involves the evaluation of the causality of associations?
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What is the purpose of the first step in descriptive studies?
What is the purpose of the first step in descriptive studies?
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What is the primary objective of inferential research?
What is the primary objective of inferential research?
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Which approach involves manipulating one or more independent variables to observe their effect on a dependent variable?
Which approach involves manipulating one or more independent variables to observe their effect on a dependent variable?
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What is the purpose of simulation research?
What is the purpose of simulation research?
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Which of the following is an example of descriptive research?
Which of the following is an example of descriptive research?
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What is the purpose of a hypothesis in research?
What is the purpose of a hypothesis in research?
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What is the main difference between qualitative and quantitative approaches?
What is the main difference between qualitative and quantitative approaches?
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What is the primary goal of experimental research?
What is the primary goal of experimental research?
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Which of the following is an example of observational research?
Which of the following is an example of observational research?
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What is the purpose of using computer models or physical replicas in research?
What is the purpose of using computer models or physical replicas in research?
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Which of the following is a criterion for good research?
Which of the following is a criterion for good research?
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What is the purpose of a literature review in research?
What is the purpose of a literature review in research?
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What is the next step after formulation of a hypothesis in the research process?
What is the next step after formulation of a hypothesis in the research process?
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What is the primary goal of descriptive research?
What is the primary goal of descriptive research?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of experimental designs?
Which of the following is a characteristic of experimental designs?
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What is the primary goal of observational studies?
What is the primary goal of observational studies?
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What is the purpose of statistical testing in research?
What is the purpose of statistical testing in research?
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Study Notes
Observational Study Designs
- Descriptive studies aim to observe, describe, and document aspects of a situation as it naturally occurs.
- They do not involve the manipulation of variables and are relatively inexpensive and less time-consuming.
- Types of descriptive studies:
- Ecological (correlational, with populations as unit of study)
- Cross-sectional (prevalence, with individuals as units)
- Case reports
- Case series
- Analytical studies:
- Case-control (case-reference, with individual as a unit)
- Cohort (follow-up, with individual as a unit)
Experimental Designs
- Randomized controlled trials (clinical trials, with patients as a unit)
- Field trials (community intervention, with healthy people as a unit)
- Community trials (with communities as a unit)
Descriptive vs. Analytic Study Designs
- Descriptive studies:
- Used when little is known about the disease
- Rely on preexisting data
- Who, where, when
- Illustrate potential associations
- Analytic studies:
- Used when insight about various aspects of disease is available
- Rely on development of new data
- Why (factor/cause)
- Evaluate the causality of association
Steps in Descriptive Studies
- Defining the population
- Defining the disease under study
Objectives of Research
- Find out truth which is hidden and has not been discovered yet
- Gain familiarity with a phenomenon or achieve new insights into it
- Portray accurately the characteristics of a particular individual, situation, or group
- Determine the frequency with which something occurs or with which it is associated with something else
- Test a hypothesis of a causal relationship between variables
Approaches in Research
- Quantitative Approach:
- Inferential
- Experimental
- Simulation
- Qualitative Approach:
- Subjective assessment of attitudes, opinions, and behavior
- Not subjected to rigorous quantitative analysis
Inferential Research
- Inferential statistics involve drawing conclusions about a population based on a sample from that population.
- Process: Collect data from a sample, use statistical methods to make inferences or predictions about the broader population.
Criteria of Good Research
- Purpose should be clearly defined
- Common concepts to be used
- Explain procedure clearly for continuity
- Results should be as objective as possible
- Report with frankness, acknowledging procedural flaws and limitations of the study
- Appropriate statistical test of significance
- Reliable outcome measures
- Justify conclusions with data
- Limitation of data
- Experienced researcher
- Systematic and logical
How to Choose a Research Subject
- Based on an idea
- Based on your experience
- Based on your reading
- Originality
Research Designs
- Statement of research problem and needs
- Relevance of the problem to health activities, field of application of research results
- Steps in conducting a research:
- Review of literature (search for previous research in same topic or related topics)
- Formulation of hypothesis and define your study objectives
- Research design including the sample design and calculation of sample size
- Selection of controls and study instruments
- Data collection and the execution of the project
- Analysis of data and testing of hypothesis
- Interpretation and generalization of results
- Preparation and presentation of the study results
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Description
This quiz covers different types of observational and experimental study designs in research, including descriptive and analytical studies, case-control studies, cohort studies, and randomized controlled trials.
