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Questions and Answers
What type of study is described in the text where investigators assemble a cohort and follow them for outcomes?
What type of study is described in the text where investigators assemble a cohort and follow them for outcomes?
What is the characteristic of cohort studies in which groups are defined on the basis of exposure to risk factors?
What is the characteristic of cohort studies in which groups are defined on the basis of exposure to risk factors?
What is the name of the study design that examines the relationship between meat consumption and colon cancer rates across different countries?
What is the name of the study design that examines the relationship between meat consumption and colon cancer rates across different countries?
What is the main goal of a cohort study?
What is the main goal of a cohort study?
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What type of bias can occur in ecological studies when the results are applied to individuals?
What type of bias can occur in ecological studies when the results are applied to individuals?
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What is the difference between prospective and retrospective cohort studies?
What is the difference between prospective and retrospective cohort studies?
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What is the name of the study design that involves following a group of people over time to examine the relationships between risk factors and outcomes?
What is the name of the study design that involves following a group of people over time to examine the relationships between risk factors and outcomes?
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What is the term for a study that examines a group of people at a single point in time?
What is the term for a study that examines a group of people at a single point in time?
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What is the main limitation of ecologic studies?
What is the main limitation of ecologic studies?
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What type of ecologic study compares rate of diseases among different regions during the same period?
What type of ecologic study compares rate of diseases among different regions during the same period?
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What is the term used to describe the error in ecologic studies where the exposure and outcome are not linked at the individual level?
What is the term used to describe the error in ecologic studies where the exposure and outcome are not linked at the individual level?
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What is the main purpose of observational designs?
What is the main purpose of observational designs?
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Which type of study is used to compare rate of disease over time in a geographically defined population?
Which type of study is used to compare rate of disease over time in a geographically defined population?
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What is the main difference between ecologic studies and cohort studies?
What is the main difference between ecologic studies and cohort studies?
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What type of ecologic study shows temporal trends, forecasts future rates and trends?
What type of ecologic study shows temporal trends, forecasts future rates and trends?
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What is a limitation of using ecologic studies to determine cause and effect?
What is a limitation of using ecologic studies to determine cause and effect?
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What is the primary difference between a prospective cohort study and a retrospective cohort study?
What is the primary difference between a prospective cohort study and a retrospective cohort study?
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What is the primary goal of a case control study?
What is the primary goal of a case control study?
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What is the term for a study that follows a group of people over time to examine the development of a disease or outcome?
What is the term for a study that follows a group of people over time to examine the development of a disease or outcome?
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What is the main advantage of a prospective cohort study?
What is the main advantage of a prospective cohort study?
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What type of study is used to investigate the effects of prenatal x-ray exposure on the development of cancer in childhood?
What type of study is used to investigate the effects of prenatal x-ray exposure on the development of cancer in childhood?
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What is the term for a type of study that examines the relationship between variables at a single point in time?
What is the term for a type of study that examines the relationship between variables at a single point in time?
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What is the main limitation of an ecological study?
What is the main limitation of an ecological study?
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What is the primary advantage of a case control study?
What is the primary advantage of a case control study?
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Study Notes
Study Designs
- Cross-sectional studies examine the frequency of a characteristic and an outcome of interest in the same geographic area.
- Cohort studies investigate the exposure of a group of people to different risk factors and their outcomes over time.
Cohort Studies
- In cohort studies, investigators assemble one or more cohorts based on exposure to risk factors.
- The cohort is followed for outcomes, and groups are typically defined on the basis of exposure.
- Also known as follow-up studies, incidence studies, prospective studies, panel studies, and longitudinal studies.
Types of Cohort Studies
- Prospective cohort studies: assemble study groups in the present, collect baseline data, and continue to collect data for a period of time.
- Retrospective cohort studies: use historical data to define a risk group and follow group members up to the present to see what outcomes have occurred.
Case Control Studies
- The investigator selects the case group and the control group based on a defined outcome.
- Compares the groups in terms of their frequency of past exposure to possible risk factors.
Ecologic Studies
- Useful for comparing the health of populations at different places or different times.
- Also useful in suggesting hypotheses but cannot be used to draw causal conclusions.
- Provide no information about whether the people who were exposed to the characteristic were the same people who developed the disease.
- Types of ecologic studies:
- Multi-group design: compares rates of diseases among different regions during the same period.
- Time-trend design/Longitudinal: compares rates of disease over time in a geographically defined population.
- Mixed design: shows temporal trends, forecasts future rates and trends.
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Description
This quiz covers different types of study designs in epidemiology, including cross-sectional and cohort studies. Understand the characteristics and outcomes of these study designs.
