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Questions and Answers
What is a crucial aspect to consider when reviewing related literature?
When conducting a literature review, which process is essential for summarizing findings?
What factor is NOT typically involved in formulating testable hypotheses?
Which of the following is considered a major concern in evaluating research design?
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What is an important criterion for internal validity in research?
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What is an essential characteristic of the research process?
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Which of the following criteria is NOT considered when selecting a research topic?
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What does the review of the literature help researchers understand?
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Research objectives should primarily be related to which of the following?
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Which factor is important for the ethical acceptability of research?
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Study Notes
Characteristics of a Research Process
- It is a problem-solving activity
- Uses the scientific method to investigate a problem
- Conclusions are based on empirical evidence
- It is systematic, objective, and reproducible
Steps in Conducting Research
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Identify and define the research problem
- Selecting a research topic
- Formulating research objectives
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Review the literature related to the problem identified
- To know more about previous studies
- To establish the theoretical or conceptual framework for the research
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Define the actual problem for investigation in clear and specific terms
- Refine the original objectives based on the review of related literature
- Delimit the scope of the study
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Formulate testable hypothesis and define basic concepts and variables
- Identify attributes of the variables to be tested
- Formulate conceptual and operational definitions of variables
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Construct the research design
- Study design
- Methods of subject selection
- Sample size
- Strategies for control and manipulation of relevant variables
- Establishment of criteria to evaluate outcomes
- Instrumentation
- Design the tools for data collection
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Design the plan for data analysis
- Construction of dummy tables
- Identification of statistical techniques
- Collect the data
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Process the collected data
- Editing
- Coding
- Analyze the data
- Write the research report
- Disseminate the results
- Utilize the results
Criteria for Selecting a Research Topic
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Relevance
- Consider the size and severity of the problem
- Consider the priority areas of the funding agency
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Avoidance of Duplication
- Has the topic been investigated before?
- Are there major questions which deserve further investigation?
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Feasibility
- Can the study be done given the existing resources?
- Can data be collected within the time frame of the study?
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Political Acceptability
- Does the topic have the interest and support of the authorities?
- Can policy makers be involved at an early stage?
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Applicability of possible results and recommendations
- What is the chance of the recommendation from the study being applied?
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Urgency of the data needed
- How urgently are data needed for making a decision?
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Ethical Acceptability
- How acceptable is the research to those who will be studied?
- Can informed consent be obtained from the subjects?
- Will the condition of the subjects be taken into account?
RESEARCH OBJECTIVES
- Directly related to the research problem
- Reflect the questions the investigator wishes to answer at the end of the study
- Provide the general direction in the conduct of the research project
Important things to remember about the review of related literature
- The literature to be reviewed must not only be related to the topic but also to the specific objectives being covered
- The results of the literature review can be used to generate hypothesis, methods and comparative data which are useful in the interpretation and discussion of results
- The studies reviewed should be evaluated in terms of assumptions, sources, techniques, conclusions, applications and unsolved problems
- Related literature should be summarized by topic rather than as a “running” bibliography
- If the research being proposed is pioneering, and no previous studies have been done in the area, this has to be mentioned in the review of related literature
Major considerations in formulating the research design
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Internal Validity
- Does the study measure what it intends to measure?
- Refers to the extent to which various types of biases are controlled in the study
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External Validity
- Refers to the extent to which the study results can be generalized to a larger population
- Covers issues related to sample selection and sample size
Comparison between the research process and food preparation
- Planning for the research activity = Meal planning
- Data collection = Marketing
- Data Processing = Washing, paring, slicing
- Data Analysis = Cooking
- Report writing = Garnishing; plating
- Data Dissemination = Serving
- Data Utilisation = Eating
The success of a research project depends on:
- How well thought out the research project is
- How potential problems have been identified and resolved BEFORE DATA COLLECTION BEGINS
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Description
This quiz covers the essential characteristics and systematic steps involved in the research process. Understand how to identify research problems, review related literature, formulate hypotheses, and design a study. Test your knowledge on the methods that make research systematic and objective.
