Scholar Research Process and Scientific Method
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Questions and Answers

What type of research involves firsthand observation and study by the researcher?

  • Primary research (correct)
  • Secondary research
  • Tertiary research
  • Qualitative research

    • Participants in research must always remain anonymous to the researchers.

    False

    Name one ethical requirement for conducting research.

    Informed consent

    The study of taken-for-granted rules that structure social interaction is called ______________.

    <p>conversation analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the type of interview with its characteristic:

    <p>Structured interviews = Reduces bias but has limited flexibility Semi-structured interviews = Combines elements of both structured and unstructured Unstructured interviews = Offers high flexibility and detail but low reliability Focus groups = Small group discussions to explore participant dynamics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes critical discourse analysis?

    <p>Examining how language reflects social and political power dynamics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Hawthorne effect refers to the tendency of participants to behave differently when they are part of a study.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one disadvantage of structured interviews?

    <p>Limited flexibility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Confidentiality in research means that information acquired will not be made available to anyone who is not involved with the study, ensuring the participant’s ______________.

    <p>privacy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of research design is characterized by a specific set of instructions for asking questions?

    <p>Structured design</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of variable consists of categories with no inherent order?

    <p>Nominal variables</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Independent variables are not manipulated or controlled in a study.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the measure of central tendency that represents the most frequently occurring value in a dataset?

    <p>Mode</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ is the difference between the maximum and minimum values in a dataset.

    <p>Range</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the types of statistics with their descriptions:

    <p>Descriptive statistics = Describes basic features of data Inferential statistics = Draws conclusions beyond immediate data Correlation = Observes the relationship between variables Causation = Indicates one variable causes the variation in another</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about dependent variables is true?

    <p>They are not controlled and are measured for outcomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sample bias occurs when the sample accurately reflects the population.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the list of units from which a sample is drawn?

    <p>Sampling frame</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In statistics, the __________ is a measure of how spread out values are from the mean.

    <p>Standard Deviation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential issue that can result from a non-random sample?

    <p>Sample bias</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of sampling ensures each unit of the population has an equal chance of being selected?

    <p>Simple random sampling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Increasing the size of a sample guarantees precision in estimating the population parameter.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main goal of experiments in research?

    <p>To demonstrate whether something is true</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process of reaching conclusions about a population based on sample data is known as ______.

    <p>statistical inference</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the sampling types with their definitions:

    <p>Convenience sampling = Subjects are selected because of accessibility Purposive sampling = Subjects selected due to a specific characteristic Snowball sampling = Making contacts through referrals from initial participants Stratified random sampling = Representing various subgroups in the population</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sampling method uses an interval to select subjects?

    <p>Systematic sampling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sampling bias occurs when certain members of a population are less likely to be included in a sample.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a confidence interval represent in statistics?

    <p>Estimated range of values likely to include the unknown population parameter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a typical experiment, the group that receives the treatment is called the ______.

    <p>experimental group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'margin of error' refer to?

    <p>The expected range of error in sample estimates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary advantage of guided conversations in research?

    <p>Lots of content and depth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ethnography involves a researcher immersing themselves in a group for a limited time.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Access to Information Act in Canada allow citizens to do?

    <p>Request access to any record under the control of a federal government institution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary focus of ethnomethodology is on how people use ______ in their everyday actions.

    <p>language</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following research methods to their characteristics:

    <p>Surveys = Systematic collection of info from a population Ethnography = Immersion in a culture for extended periods Content Analysis = Examination of communication patterns Ethnomethodology = Study of language codes in everyday actions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a disadvantage of guided conversations?

    <p>Quick results</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Reliability refers to the accuracy of what a study measures.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of content analysis?

    <p>To identify patterns, themes, biases, and meanings in communication.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A ______ is used to track changes in a population over time in survey research.

    <p>longitudinal study</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the types of surveys to their specific features:

    <p>Cross-sectional = Snapshot of a population at one point in time Trend study = Tracks changes in the same population Panel study = Tracks changes with the same group of people Longitudinal = Observes the same population over time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true regarding the criteria for assessing documents in social research?

    <p>Authenticity is about the genuineness of the document</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ethnographers focus solely on individual behavior without considering community context.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is response bias in survey research?

    <p>A tendency for respondents to answer questions inaccurately or misleadingly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ Act in Canada protects citizens from unauthorized use of their personal information by the government.

    <p>Privacy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Scholar Research Process

    • Epistemology/Topic: Foundation of knowledge/subject matter
    • Literature Review: Examining existing research
    • Theorization: Developing ideas and frameworks
    • Hypothesis/Questions: Specific statements/queries to be tested
    • Research Design: Structure and method for the study
    • Ethics: Moral considerations in research
    • Data Collection & Analysis: Gathering and interpreting information
    • Findings & Theorization: Results and application/explanation

    Scientific Method

    • Logically reasoned: Based on clear thinking and deduction
    • Explicit procedure: Follows a clear and detailed plan
    • Open to inspection: Procedures and assumptions are observable
    • Consensus of assumptions & procedures: Agreement on the methods used

    Poppers Hypothetico-Deductive Scheme

    • A method of hypothesis testing

    Research Types

    • Primary Research: Researcher's direct observations and studies
    • Secondary Research: Uses existing research conducted by others

    Qualitative Research Methods

    • Conversation Analysis: Studies the rules governing social interaction (originated in Ethnomethodology)
    • Discourse Analysis: Studies how language creates social reality (includes image analysis)
    • Critical Discourse Analysis: Inter-disciplinary study of discourse; views language as social practice. Examines how power relations are expressed and maintained through language. Links power and language.
    • Ethnography: Researchers immersed in a group/culture for extended periods, observing, interviewing

    Data Collection Methods

    • Interviews:
      • Structured: Uses an interview schedule (set questions). Advantages: Reduced bias, high credibility/reliability/validity, efficient. Disadvantages: Formal, inflexible, limited scope.
      • Semi-Structured: Set questions, but allows for flexibility. Advantages: Good balance of structure and flexibility, rich detail. Disadvantages: Lower validity, potential for bias (leading questions, Hawthorne effect).
      • Unstructured: Researcher focuses on gathering information, less control. Advantages: Flexible, rich detail, validity. Disadvantages: Low reliability, time-consuming, high bias potential.
      • Focus Groups: Small groups discussing a specific topic, moderated by a facilitator. Advantages: Rich data, flexible, easy to compare. Disadvantages: Less control, difficult analysis, potential biases..

    Historical/Policy Analysis

    • Historical Research: Understanding past behavior and how practices developed
    • Policy & Case Analysis: Examining existing individuals, groups, or processes

    Content Analysis

    • Careful examination of material: (documents, images, media.) to find patterns, themes, biases, meanings.

    Ethical Research Principles

    • Voluntary Participation: Participants must choose to participate
    • Informed Consent: Participants must understand procedures and possible risks
    • Risk of Harm: Researcher cannot place participants at risk of physical or psychological harm
    • Confidentiality: Information remains private and restricted to study participants
    • Anonymity: Participants remain anonymous
    • Privacy: Participants have control over personal info.

    Access to Information & Privacy (Canada)

    • Access to Information Act: Allows Canadians to request access to federal government records
    • Privacy Act: Grants citizens access to their personal information held by the government and protects it from unauthorized use

    Criteria for Assessing Documents (Social Research)

    • Authenticity: Document's genuineness
    • Credibility: Distortion of content
    • Sincerity: Document's truthfulness
    • Bias: Political/personal agendas
    • Literal & Interpretive Understanding

    Sampling

    • Random Sampling: Sample mirrors population (probability sampling)
    • Simple Random Sampling (SRS): Every member has an equal chance of selection
    • Systematic Sampling: Uses intervals for selection
    • Stratified Random Sampling (STRS): Representative samples from subgroups
    • Cluster Random Sampling: Selecting existing groups
    • Non-Probability Sampling: Not random (e.g., convenience)
    • Sampling Error: Difference between sample and population
    • Sample Size: Influenced by population, variation, desired precision
    • Important Considerations: response rate, interviewer effects, respondent bias, questionnaire design

    Surveys

    • Cross-sectional: Snapshot at single point in time
    • Longitudinal: Patterns over time, may track with same individuals

    Variables

    • Independent Variable: Manipulated / controlled
    • Dependent Variable: Measured/registered, influenced by independent variable
    • Nominal Variables: Categorical (no ranking)
    • Ordinal Variables: Ranked categories
    • Interval/Ratio Variables: Equal distances between categories

    Descriptive Statistics

    • Collection, description, and analysis of numerical data
    • Central Tendency: Mean, median, mode
    • Measures of Dispersion: Range, variance, standard deviation
    • Diagrams: Bar charts, pie charts, Histograms

    Experiments

    • Goal: Demonstrate causation
    • Structure: Experimental & control groups, random assignment, pretest/posttest comparisons

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    Description

    This quiz covers the essential elements of the research process including epistemology, literature review, and research design. It also delves into the principles of the scientific method and different research types. Test your understanding of these foundational concepts in research methodology.

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