Research Philosophy Overview
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Questions and Answers

What should decision-making research engage with to address decision problems effectively?

  • Only the world of practice
  • General knowledge without specific context
  • World of theory and world of practice (correct)
  • Only the world of theory

    • What is the significance of philosophical commitments in research strategy according to the content?

  • They are irrelevant to the outcomes of the research
  • They influence only the theoretical aspects of research
  • They determine the aesthetics of research presentations
  • They significantly impact both research actions and investigations (correct)

    • According to Saunders, Lewis & Thornhill, what does Pragmatism suggest about interpreting the world?

  • There’s only one valid interpretation of any situation
  • Multiple interpretations can provide a more comprehensive understanding (correct)
  • Personal beliefs have no role in interpretation
  • Interpretation should focus solely on empirical data

    • What are Positivism and Interpretivism characterized as in relation to Pragmatism?

    <p>Two extreme, mutually exclusive paradigms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What stance do researchers adopting positivism typically take?

    <p>They prefer working with observable social realities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of research philosophy, what does the term 'ontology' refer to?

    <p>The nature of being and existence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Pragmatism prioritize regarding concepts used in research?

    <p>Relevancy only if they support action</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of research conducted within the interpretivist framework?

    <p>Human actions analyzed through cultural norms and values.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which philosophical perspective is associated with interpretivism?

    <p>Idealism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of human knowledge development is emphasized in research?

    <p>Addressing specified problems in knowledge domains</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following approaches is NOT included in interpretivism?

    <p>Data mining.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should researchers be able to do concerning their philosophical choices?

    <p>Defend their choices and consider alternatives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a criticism of positivism as noted in the development of interpretivism?

    <p>It seeks to define universal laws across all social contexts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does symbolic interactionism emphasize in research?

    <p>Social processes derived from human interaction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does interpretivism differ from positivism in data analysis?

    <p>It mainly focuses on qualitative analysis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does axiology play in interpretivism?

    <p>It studies judgments about value within human interactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary strength of longitudinal research?

    <p>Its ability to control variables while observing change over time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a benefit of cross-sectional study design?

    <p>It can compare multiple variables simultaneously.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which question would help assess the reliability of a research method?

    <p>Will the measurements yield the same results on different occasions?</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does validity in research refer to?

    <p>Whether the findings accurately represent what they are supposed to.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common threat to reliability in research identified by Robson?

    <p>Observer bias during data analysis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of bias might be problematic in organizations with authoritarian management styles?

    <p>Subjective bias resulting from perceived job security.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does not characterize observational studies?

    <p>The researcher manipulates the study environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an indicator of reliability in research according to Easterby-Smith et al.?

    <p>The ability of different observers to reach similar conclusions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of qualitative research methods?

    <p>Understanding behaviors and experiences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which research philosophy is often associated with qualitative research?

    <p>Interpretivism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes a longitudinal study?

    <p>Repeated observations of the same subjects over time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes mixed methods research?

    <p>It combines both qualitative and quantitative approaches.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a feature of cross-sectional studies?

    <p>They gather data from the same subjects multiple times.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following paradigms is linked with action and intervention in qualitative research?

    <p>Pragmatism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The choice of data collection method must fit which aspect of research?

    <p>The subject matter being investigated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant outcome of employing case studies in research?

    <p>They often rely on interviews over shorter periods for depth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason researchers choose sampling over a census?

    <p>When collecting data from the entire population is impracticable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sampling method is often preferred by researchers?

    <p>Stratified random sampling.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the design of a questionnaire affect research outcomes?

    <p>It influences response rates and data validity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of sampling divides a population into significant strata based on attributes?

    <p>Stratified random sampling.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Henry (1990), what advantage does sampling have over a census?

    <p>Higher overall accuracy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key factor in maximizing response rates for questionnaires?

    <p>Pilot testing the questionnaire.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which research strategies can utilize questionnaires?

    <p>Case study and survey strategies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect is important for the reliability and validity of collected data from a questionnaire?

    <p>Providing a clear explanation of the questionnaire's purpose.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Research Philosophy

    • Research requires engagement with theory and practice to address decision problems.
    • Research philosophy deals with the development and nature of knowledge, which is crucial for researchers in their field of inquiry.
    • Researchers should be aware of their philosophical commitments as it influences their research approach and what they investigate.
    • Pragmatism accepts concepts as relevant only if they support action.
    • Pragmatism recognizes multiple interpretations of the world and acknowledges the existence of multiple realities.
    • Positivism aligns with the philosophical stance of natural scientists, focusing on observable social reality and seeking law-like generalizations.
    • Interpretivism emphasizes qualitative analysis and focuses on understanding human actions within their cultural context.
    • Interpretivism, rooted in idealism, includes diverse approaches like social constructivism, phenomenology, and hermeneutics.
    • Interpretivism allows researchers to understand differences between humans in their role as social actors.

    Research Strategies

    • Qualitative research often uses interpretivism but alternative approaches exist.
    • Pragmatism can be applied to quantitative research in information systems, aligning with action, intervention, and constructive knowledge.
    • Interpretivism and pragmatism are considered important research paradigms for mixed research, particularly when addressing information-based problems on behavioral modeling.

    Time Horizons

    • Research design considerations are important regardless of the chosen research strategy.
    • Cross-sectional studies compare different population groups at a single point in time, often using survey strategies.
    • Cross-sectional studies can describe the incidence of a phenomenon or explain relationships between factors in different organizations.
    • Longitudinal studies gather data repeatedly over time for the same subjects, allowing researchers to study change and development.

    Credibility of Research Findings

    • Creditability reduces the possibility of errors in research findings and focuses on reliability and validity.
    • Reliability refers to the consistency of data collection techniques and analysis procedures.
    • Validity concerns whether the findings are representative of the intended subject matter.

    Data Collection

    • Sampling is a key factor in data collection, providing an alternative to a census when it's impractical to survey the entire population.
    • Sampling is of two types: probability and non-probability sampling.
    • Stratified random sampling divides the population into strata based on specific attributes.

    Collecting Primary Data Through Questionnaires

    • Questionnaires are widely used in survey strategies but can also be employed in experiments and case studies.
    • Questionnaire design significantly impacts response rates, reliability, and validity.
    • Careful questionnaire design, including clear layout, lucid explanations, pilot testing, and proper administration contributes to maximizing response rates, reliability, and validity.

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    Description

    Explore the fundamental concepts of research philosophy, including pragmatism, positivism, and interpretivism. This quiz covers how these philosophies shape researchers' approaches and influence their inquiries. Test your understanding of the different philosophical commitments and their implications in research methodologies.

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