Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which is considered a main advantage of survey research?
Which is considered a main advantage of survey research?
What aspect of survey research assists in ensuring honest responses from employees?
What aspect of survey research assists in ensuring honest responses from employees?
Survey research is particularly useful for studying which of the following?
Survey research is particularly useful for studying which of the following?
What is a significant disadvantage of survey research?
What is a significant disadvantage of survey research?
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Which sampling method involves creating a list from a common activity?
Which sampling method involves creating a list from a common activity?
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What is a defining characteristic of a research report?
What is a defining characteristic of a research report?
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What is the primary purpose of a literature review in the research process?
What is the primary purpose of a literature review in the research process?
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What is the primary concern when using a sample size in research?
What is the primary concern when using a sample size in research?
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Which statement describes secondary sources of information?
Which statement describes secondary sources of information?
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What is tokenism in research?
What is tokenism in research?
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Which statement about open questions is correct?
Which statement about open questions is correct?
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What assumption does the language argument contest regarding knowledge?
What assumption does the language argument contest regarding knowledge?
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What factor can affect the data collected from surveys?
What factor can affect the data collected from surveys?
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What is the role of peer review in research?
What is the role of peer review in research?
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What do closed questions in a questionnaire aim to achieve?
What do closed questions in a questionnaire aim to achieve?
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Which statement correctly recognizes the basic types of claims in research?
Which statement correctly recognizes the basic types of claims in research?
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What does a Likert scale typically measure?
What does a Likert scale typically measure?
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In conducting a research project, what is the first step according to the basic research process?
In conducting a research project, what is the first step according to the basic research process?
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Which of the following viewpoints would align with the belief that objective knowledge is attainable?
Which of the following viewpoints would align with the belief that objective knowledge is attainable?
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What is a significant disadvantage of open questions?
What is a significant disadvantage of open questions?
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What is typically included at the beginning of a questionnaire?
What is typically included at the beginning of a questionnaire?
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Which sampling method ensures every member of the sample frame has an equal chance of selection?
Which sampling method ensures every member of the sample frame has an equal chance of selection?
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What is a key advantage of stratified sampling compared to other methods?
What is a key advantage of stratified sampling compared to other methods?
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What type of sampling method uses a set interval to identify recruits from a known sample frame?
What type of sampling method uses a set interval to identify recruits from a known sample frame?
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Which of the following is a consideration that affects sample size?
Which of the following is a consideration that affects sample size?
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What is essential for creating accurate samples according to comprehensive research methods?
What is essential for creating accurate samples according to comprehensive research methods?
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Why is it important to arrange questions in different ways in a survey?
Why is it important to arrange questions in different ways in a survey?
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What is a primary advantage of using closed questions in a questionnaire?
What is a primary advantage of using closed questions in a questionnaire?
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What defines interviews and focus groups as qualitative research methods?
What defines interviews and focus groups as qualitative research methods?
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What major assumption is made during interviews and focus groups?
What major assumption is made during interviews and focus groups?
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Why might focus groups be preferred over surveys and observations?
Why might focus groups be preferred over surveys and observations?
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What is an important consideration when drafting questions for a survey?
What is an important consideration when drafting questions for a survey?
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What is one of the primary uses of interviews?
What is one of the primary uses of interviews?
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What distinguishes open questions from closed questions in surveys?
What distinguishes open questions from closed questions in surveys?
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What is a primary requirement for effective historical research?
What is a primary requirement for effective historical research?
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Which assumption underpins the understanding of change through historical knowledge?
Which assumption underpins the understanding of change through historical knowledge?
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What type of sources are categorized as unpublished sources?
What type of sources are categorized as unpublished sources?
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What is data triangulation in the context of historical research?
What is data triangulation in the context of historical research?
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How should one sort data to find patterns effectively?
How should one sort data to find patterns effectively?
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Which of the following represents a presentist bias in historical analysis?
Which of the following represents a presentist bias in historical analysis?
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What is essential for justifying research decisions in historical studies?
What is essential for justifying research decisions in historical studies?
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In case studies, what must the analysis be based on?
In case studies, what must the analysis be based on?
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What are repository archives responsible for?
What are repository archives responsible for?
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What is a significant component in the assessment of data reliability?
What is a significant component in the assessment of data reliability?
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Study Notes
Research and Arguments
- Research is a set of perspectives and skills applied to questions and problems.
- Argumentation is a form of research.
- Toulmin's model of argumentation involves:
- Data: observations, physical evidence, or measurements.
- Claim: a position to be argued or an insight to be explored.
- Warrant: something that authorizes a person or action (e.g., a generally accepted assumption, shared belief, appeal to authority, principle of human behavior).
- A claim may be expressed as a thesis, hypothesis, or research question.
Culture of Research
- Research principles: systematic, disciplined, verifiable, and cautious.
- Value-free research: personal opinion doesn't affect the outcome.
- Empiricism: philosophical position prioritizing evidence from the five senses.
- Empirical questions: answered through measurement.
- Bacon's view on knowledge: truth exists, can be known, agrees knowledge is attainable, disagrees knowledge is fallible.
- Research formats in scholarly publications: reports and summaries of projects.
Literature Review
- Basic research process: establishing a topic and claim (a thesis, question, or hypothesis), reviewing the literature, assessing previous research, determining a method, organizing and interpreting data, drawing conclusions.
- Literature review methodology: identifying prominent sources, evaluating arguments, drawing conclusions on credibility, comprehensiveness, and satisfaction.
- Primary sources: provide direct data, examples including participants, witnesses, documents, or artifacts.
- Secondary sources: offer data with a mediated relationship to the topic. Examples include writings by other researchers or summarizations of events.
Research Perspectives
- Perspective set of underlying assumptions about knowledge that affects how researchers view problems.
- Objective research: evaluating data neutrally, without bias.
- Subjective research: acknowledging perspectives and potential bias.
Different Research Perspectives
- Human nature, communication, and cultural practices are stable, predictable, and knowable.
- Research goals include cataloging behaviors, diagnosing problems, and exploring solutions.
- Different Research Perspectives:
- Interpretivism: reality is stable but knowledge is fallible and subjective; people can only observe and interpret people in social contexts.
- Critical: reality may be stable and knowable, but human knowledge is fallible and subjective; observe and interpret people in social contexts, meaning and significance of communication.
History and Policy
- History: a record of past events; can be public or private, formal or informal.
- Archive: a repository of original documents (qualitative, quantitative; historical policy analysis).
- Understandings of the past provide context, explain the present and prepare for the future.
- Researcher biases: toward the present day affect historical perspective.
Sources and Repositories
- Unpublished sources: personal papers, corporate records, and government archives; may be limited distribution.
- Three categories of unpublished sources: personal, corporate, and government records.
- Repositories: maintain unpublished papers, materials, and related content.
- Locate resources: reviewed literature.
Checking and Organizing Data
- Data preparation and analysis: assess reliability of data, evaluate potential problems, and corroborate sources/do data triangulation.
- Skeptical methodology, pattern and trend identification, turning points.
- Sort data chronologically, or thematically. Make sure you are organized!
Case Studies
- Case study analysis: deeply rooted in real-world data to provide a comprehensive view of a topic; qualitative or quantitative.
Content Analysis
- Content analysis is systematic; objective; and quantitative.
- Methods include descriptive methods, frequency, or relationship analyses.
- The types of content analysis are: latent meaning, and manifest content analysis.
- Samples: random and systematic.
Survey Research
- Survey research collects data through pre-formulated questions to describe and predict behaviors in a population or sample.
- Types of questions: closed, open, identifying.
- Methods of gathering answers to open-ended questions: interviews and focus groups.
- Advantages and disadvantages of interviews and focus groups: cost/time-efficiency, insights from experts, and insights from multiple participants.
Descriptive and Inferential Statistics
- Descriptive statistics: summarize data (mean, median, mode, standard deviation).
- Inferential statistics: draw conclusions about a population from a sample (correlation coefficient).
- Types of data: nominal (categories), ordinal (ranked categories), interval (fixed intervals), ratio (true zero point).
Research Ethics
- Ethical conduct protects participant's and other's well-being.
- Ethics is the branch of knowledge or study dealing with moral principles.
- Importance of balancing risks and benefits in research.
- Informed consent and respect for participants.
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Description
Test your knowledge on survey research methods with this quiz. Explore the advantages, disadvantages, and various aspects of conducting effective surveys. Understand key concepts like sampling methods, literature reviews, and the importance of peer review in research.
