Research Methods in Psychology: Validity and Variables

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Questions and Answers

What does criterion validity measure?

The ability of a measurement to predict future outcomes

The ability of a measurement to reflect all dimensions of a concept

The degree to which a measurement correlates with an observable criterion (correct)

The degree to which a measurement relates to a theoretical concept

Which type of validity is concerned with the correlation of a measurement with a future criterion?

Predictive validity (correct)

Concurrent validity

Discriminative validity

Convergent validity

What exemplifies convergent validity?

A survey measuring political preference differentiates between party members.

A test predicts future job performance based on current skills.

A scale for measuring social isolation shows high correlation with observational findings. (correct)

A measure of intolerance shows no relationship with a measure of tolerance.

Which statement best describes discriminative validity?

It identifies low correlation among different concepts. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which scenario accurately illustrates concurrent validity?

A new test for schizophrenia correlates with existing psychiatric diagnosis. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used for translating concepts into measurable variables?

Operationalization (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is considered a continuous variable?

Income (B) Signup and view all the answers

In an explanatory study, which type of variable is often the outcome variable that researchers aim to explain?

Dependent Variable (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a nominal variable?

A variable that does not have a specific order or ranking (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT an example of a variable?

Housing situation (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following variables is classified as ordinal?

Educational level (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes independent and dependent variables?

Independent variables are manipulated to observe their effect on dependent variables. (B) Signup and view all the answers

How are categorical variables different from continuous variables?

Categorical variables can only take certain values. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is essential for the quality of research in the scientific method?

Reliability and validity (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which method involves gathering data through structured questions to analyze altruism within a population?

Survey (D) Signup and view all the answers

What best explains why someone may exhibit altruistic behavior according to the description provided?

A sense of community involvement (A) Signup and view all the answers

In field research, which aspect is crucial for the researcher’s role?

Establishing a personal rapport with participants (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which question aligns with experimental research on altruism?

What factors lead to differences in altruistic behavior? (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is a feature of available data research?

Analyzing pre-existing datasets or events (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes an interval scale?

The distances between values are interpretable. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What does falsifiability in research allow for?

Challenging existing paradigms (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of a ratio scale?

The value zero signifies complete absence of the quantity. (D) Signup and view all the answers

How does community belonging influence altruism according to the theory?

It promotes mutual support and caring behaviors. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which example best illustrates a ratio scale?

Distance in kilometers (D) Signup and view all the answers

In research methodology, what does reliability refer to?

Consistency of results upon repeated measurements. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What does construct validity assess?

The correlation between the concept being measured and related constructs. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which term best describes the validity of a measurement instrument?

The tool measures what it is intended to measure. (D) Signup and view all the answers

If a student lives 80 km away from campus and another lives 4 km away, which statement is true?

The student is 20 times farther from the campus than the other student. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of measurement does face validity primarily involve?

Judgments by researchers regarding the appropriateness of the tool. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes qualitative research in the context provided?

Rich data and interpretative analysis (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is an inductive process in qualitative research as described?

Formulating theories based on observations (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which statement reflects a quantitative research approach?

Determining the percentage of refugees with jobs over time (D) Signup and view all the answers

What type of data is emphasized in qualitative research methods?

Rich and deep textual data (D) Signup and view all the answers

In the context given, what is the nature of the questions typically posed in qualitative research?

Open-ended questions exploring experiences (B) Signup and view all the answers

How do quantitative research methods differ from qualitative methods regarding theory?

Quantitative methods generally support existing theories (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the goals of qualitative research as per the content?

To explore nuances of human experience (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which process is identified as deductive in the context provided?

Testing hypotheses against observed findings (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential drawback of using cluster sampling compared to other random sampling designs?

It may lead to less precision. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the influence of sampling error in cluster sampling is correct?

The influence of earlier sampling levels is greater than later levels. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the Probability Proportionate to Size (PPS) sampling method in cluster sampling?

It helps to account for unequal cluster sizes. (D) Signup and view all the answers

In the first step of the PPS sampling method, what is done with the clusters?

A simple random sample is taken from a number of clusters. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is a common method of conducting random selection as part of sampling procedures?

Lottery procedure (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant issue with the use of a list of fixed phone numbers as a sampling frame in the Netherlands?

It does not guarantee the completeness of the list. (B) Signup and view all the answers

When performing random selection within the selected clusters in PPS, what is indicated by the example provided?

Three units are selected from each cluster. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What role does cost-efficiency play when increasing the number of clusters in sampling?

It typically decreases cost-efficiency. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Course Content Summary

The document is an outline of a course focusing on methodological approaches in social science research.
It details various types of colleges (lectures) and subtopics.
It provides page numbers where specific sections begin.

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Description

This quiz covers fundamental concepts in research methodology, specifically focusing on various types of validity such as criterion, concurrent, and convergent validity. It also explores different types of variables, their classifications, and their roles within psychological research. Test your understanding of these essential research principles!