Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which type of validity refers to the extent to which a measure accurately reflects the underlying theoretical construct it aims to assess?
Which type of validity refers to the extent to which a measure accurately reflects the underlying theoretical construct it aims to assess?
Which type of case study aims to provide insights into a broader issue or phenomenon beyond the specific case itself?
Which type of case study aims to provide insights into a broader issue or phenomenon beyond the specific case itself?
In thematic analysis, what is the main goal of generating initial codes?
In thematic analysis, what is the main goal of generating initial codes?
Which of the following is NOT a type of thematic analysis?
Which of the following is NOT a type of thematic analysis?
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What is the primary aim of ethnography?
What is the primary aim of ethnography?
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What type of data is collected at specific time intervals?
What type of data is collected at specific time intervals?
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Which measure of central tendency is most sensitive to outliers?
Which measure of central tendency is most sensitive to outliers?
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A researcher wants to compare the average height of two groups of students. What type of graph would be most appropriate to visualize the data?
A researcher wants to compare the average height of two groups of students. What type of graph would be most appropriate to visualize the data?
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What is the purpose of Cohen's Kappa?
What is the purpose of Cohen's Kappa?
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Which of these is NOT an assumption of the chi-squared test?
Which of these is NOT an assumption of the chi-squared test?
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What type of error occurs when we reject the null hypothesis when it is actually true?
What type of error occurs when we reject the null hypothesis when it is actually true?
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What is the difference between a one-tailed and a two-tailed hypothesis?
What is the difference between a one-tailed and a two-tailed hypothesis?
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Which of these is a measure of dispersion?
Which of these is a measure of dispersion?
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Which of the following assumptions is NOT required for the chi squared test?
Which of the following assumptions is NOT required for the chi squared test?
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What does a larger chi squared value indicate?
What does a larger chi squared value indicate?
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What is the main characteristic of Spearman’s rho compared to Pearson’s r?
What is the main characteristic of Spearman’s rho compared to Pearson’s r?
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Which of the following steps comes first when performing a chi squared goodness of fit test in JASP?
Which of the following steps comes first when performing a chi squared goodness of fit test in JASP?
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When calculating Pearson’s r, what must be checked first to confirm the data's suitability?
When calculating Pearson’s r, what must be checked first to confirm the data's suitability?
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Study Notes
Validity Types
- Face validity: Appears to measure what it's intended to.
- Construct validity: Appears to measure the underlying theory or concept.
- Criterion validity: Measures how well it predicts or correlates with another measure.
- External validity: How well the findings can be generalized to other contexts.
Case Study Types
- Exploratory: Explores a new area or generates hypotheses.
- Descriptive: Provides a detailed account of a specific case.
- Explanatory: Explains reasons behind a phenomenon.
- Intrinsic: Focuses on a unique case's significance.
- Instrumental: Provides insight into a broader issue.
- Collective: Studies multiple cases.
Ethnography
- Studies individuals in their natural environment.
Thematic Analysis Types
- Thematic analysis: Identifies patterns and ideas across multiple datasets.
- Content analysis: Studies various sources of data.
- Narrative analysis: Examines stories from individuals.
- Grounded analysis: Develops theory from data.
- Discourse analysis: Studies language and communication.
- Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA): Explores individuals' lived experiences.
Thematic Analysis Process
- Familiarize with data.
- Generate initial codes.
- Search for themes.
- Review themes.
- Define and name themes.
- Produce a report.
Content Analysis
- Deductive: Uses predefined categories.
- Inductive: Develops categories from the data.
Cohen's Kappa
- A statistical test considering chance agreement.
Data Types
- Time series data: Collected over specific time intervals.
- Hierarchical data: Organized in a multi-level structure.
- Cross-sectional data: Collected at a single point in time.
Variance
- Measures the spread of data points around the mean.
Standard Deviation
- The square root of variance, representing the average spread of data points.
Descriptive Statistics
- Measures of central tendency: Mode, median, mean.
- Measures of dispersion: Range, IQR, variance, standard deviation.
- Skewness: Measures the asymmetry of a distribution.
Kurtosis
- Measures the tailedness (peakedness) of a distribution.
Hypothesis Types
- Null hypothesis: Asserts no effect or relationship.
- Alternative hypothesis: Asserts there is an effect or relationship.
- One-tailed: Specifies the direction of the effect or relationship.
- Two-tailed: Does not specify the direction of the effect or relationship.
- P-value: Probability of obtaining the observed data if the null hypothesis is true.
- Z-score: Measures how far a data point is from the mean, useful when comparing different data points.
Type 1 & Type 2 Errors
- Type 1 error: Rejecting a true null hypothesis.
- Type 2 error: Failing to reject a false null hypothesis.
Chi-Squared Test Assumptions
- Data type: Nominal or ordinal.
- Mutual exclusivity: Categories are mutually exclusive.
- Expected frequency: At least 5 per cell.
- Independence of observations.
- Random sampling.
Goodness-of-Fit Test
- Examines if observed frequencies differ significantly from expected frequencies for a single variable. A higher Chi-squared value indicates a greater difference.
Test of Association
- Determines the relationship between two variables. Expected frequencies are calculated for comparison to observed frequencies.
Alpha Threshold
- Determines the threshold for rejecting the null hypothesis. (0.05 is common).
- In the context of chi square is the critical value determines the significance of the statistical test.
Power
- The probability of correctly rejecting a false null hypothesis. (80% is common).
Studying That Suits You
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Description
Test your knowledge of various validity types, case study approaches, and methods like ethnography and thematic analysis. This quiz will help you understand how these concepts are applied in research settings and their significance in studying phenomena.
