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Questions and Answers
What percentage of the exam is dedicated to Survey Design?
Which research method primarily uses words as data?
Which study method relies on hindsight and is often questionable due to memory bias?
What type of validity focuses on the applicability of findings outside the research setting?
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What is the focus of phenomenology in research?
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Which research design is characterized by the study of rare phenomena, often in clinical psychology?
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What is the percentage allocation for Sampling Methods in the exam?
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Which of the following research methods involves observing behavior in natural settings?
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What is a characteristic of Closed Structured Questions in surveys?
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What should be done to avoid Response Acquiescence in surveys?
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Which measurement level classifies age in survey data?
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What is an effective strategy for improving online survey response rates?
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What is a common error when constructing survey questions?
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Which type of data analysis is correctly associated with Open-Ended Questions?
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What is the effect of Context Effects in survey research?
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What is a recommended practice for collecting demographic survey data?
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What is a major downside of group surveys?
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Which survey method is associated with obtaining high-quality answers but also has the drawback of calling costs?
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Which term describes a correlational study's ability to measure the relationship between two variables?
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What does a Pearson product moment correlation coefficient indicate?
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In which type of analysis do researchers examine multiple variables together to understand their relationships?
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What is a limitation of correlation mentioned in the content?
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Which technique allows you to measure a large number of items and see relationships among traits?
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What aspect of an interview can greatly influence the responses of the interviewee?
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Study Notes
Exam Details
- Exams for BSP and BAP on September 30, with scheduled times at 9AM and 12:30PM, respectively.
- Held in Classroom 84K (BSP) and Classroom 83 (BAP).
- Total of 80 questions: 75 multiple choice and 5 true or false.
- Study sources include quizzes, slides, Myers & Hansen, and class activities.
Topics Overview
- Research Ethics and Standards: 6%
- Nonexperimental Research Designs: 26%
- Quasi-Experimental Designs: 9%
- Sampling Methods: 5%
- Survey Design: 40%
- Correlation Analysis: 14%
- Total percentage breakdown equals 100%.
Nonexperimental Psychology Concepts
- Internal Validity: Indicates that changes in behavior are caused by the treatment.
- External Validity: Determines applicability of findings outside the research setting.
- Phenomenology: Describes individual experiences; often lacks accuracy and explanatory power.
- Empirical Phenomenology: Involves self-reflection and external accounts to analyze phenomena.
- Case Studies: Focuses on individuals, useful for theories and rare phenomena, primarily in Clinical Psychology. Can suffer from memory reliability issues.
Research Methods
- Field Studies: Utilize naturalistic observation; archival studies involve reexamining existing data.
- Qualitative Research: Employs words as data leading to potential bias.
- Survey Research: Efficiently gathers data but faces ethical challenges like confidentiality breaches and sensitive questions.
Survey Construction
- Closed-ended questions have limited responses; easier to quantify.
- Open-ended questions analyzed through content or thematic analysis.
Designing Survey Items
- Keep item construction simple and engaging.
- Avoid complex questions and ensure response options are exhaustive.
- Demographic questions should typically be placed at the end.
Measuring Responses
- Levels of measurement include nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio.
- Psychological variables often fit continuous dimensions; Likert or semantic differential scales are options.
Survey Data Collection
- Questionnaires should be structured; online surveys have a typical response rate of 44%.
- Clearly define target populations; reminders and mixed methodologies can boost response rates.
- Incentives show minimal impact on online survey participation rates.
Interview Techniques
- Telephone surveys yield high-quality data but can be costly.
- Face-to-face interviews require skilled researchers to avoid influencing responses.
- Focus groups introduce participant dynamics in discussions.
Sampling Methods
- Differentiate between probability sampling and nonprobability sampling for data collection.
Correlation and Causation
- Correlational studies reveal relationships but cannot establish causation directly.
- The Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient indicates strength and direction of relationships.
- Beware of biases such as outliers and truncated ranges affecting correlation.
Regression Analysis
- Linear regression estimates scores based on relationships between two variables.
- Factor analysis explores correlations among large item sets.
- Partial correlation controls for one variable while assessing others.
- Multiple regression examines interrelationships among various variables.
Causal Modeling
- Path analysis models potential causal sequences using interconnected behaviors.
Studying That Suits You
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Description
Test your knowledge on research methods in psychology with this comprehensive quiz. Covering topics such as nonexperimental designs, survey design, and validity concepts, this quiz is essential for understanding key principles. Utilize your study resources effectively and prepare for your upcoming exam.
