Research Methods in Field Studies

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Questions and Answers

Participant observation is a method used exclusively for collecting quantitative data.

False (B)

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of anthropological fieldwork?

  • Conducting laboratory experiments (correct)
  • Building rapport with participants
  • Spending a year or more in the field
  • Learning the language of the community

What is the role of key informants in anthropological research?

Key informants are individuals within a community who possess extensive knowledge about their culture and are willing to share it with the researcher.

The instructor conducted participant observation in various settings, including ______, social gatherings, and indoor play spaces for mothers and children.

<p>religious sites</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which fieldwork role involves fully immersing oneself in a community while concealing one's researcher identity?

<p>Complete participant (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of field notes with their descriptions:

<p>Methodological notes = Document the researcher's thoughts about methods used in the study Descriptive notes = Detailed accounts of observed events and settings Jottings = Brief notes taken during observation to help recall details later Log = Running account of time, activities, and expenses</p> Signup and view all the answers

Field notes should be written in complete sentences and paragraphs.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the salience hierarchy method of note-taking differ from comprehensive note-taking?

<p>Salience hierarchy focuses on the most interesting or noteworthy aspects, memorable or deviant cases, and reveals typical patterns of interaction, while comprehensive notes aim to document everything observed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Downey used ______ as a method to gain embodied knowledge and understanding of participants' lived experiences.

<p>apprenticeship</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of Bernard's five reasons for using participant observation?

<p>Guarantees complete objectivity in research findings (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method involves the researcher actively engaging in the environment they are studying?

<p>Participant observation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Naturalistic observation requires the researcher to manipulate the environment to gather data.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of rapid assessment?

<p>To quickly gather information about a community or group.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Participatory mapping involves asking informants to draw a map of an area, identifying key ______.

<p>places</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their definitions:

<p>Naturalistic Observation = Observing subjects without interference Graphic Elicitation = Using drawings or maps to prompt discussions Fieldwork = Spending extended time in a specific location to collect data Arts-Based Methods = Using creative forms to gather information</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of an arts-based method?

<p>Sculpture (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Participatory photography allows participants to capture images that represent their experiences.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are visual methods used for in research?

<p>To represent events, experiences, or processes visually.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Naturalistic Observation

Observing subjects in their natural environment without interference or manipulation by the researcher.

Rapid Assessment

A method of quickly gathering information about a community or group by immersing oneself in the field and using methods such as interviews, participant observation, and surveys.

Field Site

A physical or social location where research is conducted.

Fieldwork

Spending extended time in a specific location to observe and interact with participants to collect data about their lives, behaviors, and cultures.

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Graphic Elicitation

A research method that uses visual aids, such as drawings or maps, to prompt discussions and elicit responses during research.

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Visual Methods

A category of research methods that uses visual materials to collect and analyze data.

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Participatory Mapping

Involves asking informants to draw a map of an area, identifying key places, while the researcher observes, walks through the area with them, and gathers explanations about the locations.

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Participatory Photography

Using visual aids, such as drawings or maps, to prompt discussions and elicit responses during research.

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Participant Observation

A method used to gather qualitative and quantitative data by directly observing and participating in the lives of a group of individuals. This involves spending extended time in the field, learning the language, building relationships with the community, and taking part in their daily activities.

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Key Informants

Individuals within a community who have extensive knowledge about their culture and are willing to share it with researchers. They can provide valuable insights into the group's customs, beliefs, and practices.

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Jottings

Brief notes taken during observation to help recall details later when writing full field notes.

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Descriptive Notes

Detailed accounts of observed events and settings, including descriptions of the environment, people, and their interactions.

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Methodological Notes

Notes that document the researcher's thoughts about the methods used during the study, including reflections on the effectiveness of interview techniques or challenges faced in data collection.

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Body Mapping

A visual method where participants draw representations of their physical and emotional experiences on a life-sized outline of their body. Used to portray the impact of experiences, such as living with HIV, by highlighting both personal and societal challenges.

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Log

A running account of time, activities, and expenses to document the researcher's daily routine and progress during fieldwork.

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Salience Hierarchy Method

Focuses on the most interesting or noteworthy aspects of observations, including memorable or deviant cases, revealing typical patterns of interaction within a group.

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Complete Participant

A fieldwork role where the researcher completely immerses themselves in the group, keeping their researcher identity hidden. This allows for deep understanding but can raise ethical concerns.

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Participating Observer

A fieldwork role where the researcher engages with the group while openly acknowledging their researcher status. This allows for building rapport but may limit the depth of information gathered.

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Study Notes

Naturalistic Observation

  • Involves observing subjects in their natural environment without researcher intervention.
  • Researcher remains passive.

Participant Observation

  • Researcher actively engages in the environment being studied.
  • More interactive than naturalistic observation.

Rapid Assessment

  • Quick method for gathering community information.
  • Uses interviews, participant observation, and surveys.

Participatory Photography

  • Research method where participants capture their experiences visually.
  • Photographs guide subsequent discussions and storytelling.

Field Site

  • Physical or social location of research.
  • Examples include shrines, markets, and parks.

Fieldwork

  • Extended period in a location to observe and interact.
  • Aims to collect data about lives, behaviors, and cultures.

Visual Methods

  • Examples: Timelining (visually representing events), graphic elicitation (visual aids to elicit responses).

Arts-Based Methods

  • Various artistic mediums used in research.
  • Examples include collage, sculpture, poetry, participatory photography.
  • Participatory drawing: Used by Jean Hunleth to engage children in Zambia, capturing their experiences as caregivers.

Participatory Mapping

  • Involves informants drawing maps, identifying key locations, and providing explanations.
  • Researcher observes and interacts during mapping.

Research Purpose (Lambert et al.)

  • Portrayed lives of people with HIV, highlighting social, political, and psychological challenges.

Participant Observation (Bernard)

  • Strategic method for collecting qualitative and quantitative data during fieldwork.
  • True.

Anthropological Field Research

  • Common characteristics include extended fieldwork (year or more), language learning, rapport building, and active participation in daily life.

Key Informants

  • Individuals within a community with extensive knowledge who share information with researchers.

Fieldwork Locations (Instructor)

  • Examples include religious sites (shrines, temples), social gatherings (restaurants, bars), indoor play spaces, and ceremonies/rituals.

Fieldwork Roles (Van Maanen)

  • Observing participant: Primarily observes while engaging minimally.
    • Other roles include complete participant (hidden identity), participating observer (openly a researcher), and complete observer (no interaction).

Field Notes

  • Detailed record of observations, interactions, and reflections.
  • Jottings used as preliminary notes.
  • Notes, when requested by informants, should be discussed and documented.

Log

  • Running record of time, activities, and expenses.

Jottings

  • Brief notes taken during observations for later recall.

Salience Hierarchy Note-Taking

  • Focuses on noteworthy aspects, memorable instances, deviations, revealing patterns and typical interactions.
  • Emphasizes significant details.

Methodological Notes

  • Notes about research methods and their effectiveness.

Descriptive Notes

  • Detailed descriptions of observed events and settings.

Apprenticeship as Method (Downey)

  • Used apprenticeship to learn embodied skills (e.g., capoeira), understanding participants through practice and observation.

Participant Observation Reasons (Bernard)

  • Holistic understanding, contextual interpretation, rapport building, revealing implicit knowledge, enhancing flexibility in data collection.

Body Mapping

  • Visual method where participants draw their physical and emotional experiences on a life-sized body outline.
    • Example use includes illustrating the impact of HIV, highlighting both personal and societal challenges.

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